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Economics of Electric Vehicle Charging: A Game Theoretic Approach
Abstract
In this paper, the problem of grid-to-vehicle energy exchange between a smart grid and plug-in electric vehicle groups (PEVGs) is studied using a noncooperative Stackelberg game. In this game, on the one hand, the smart grid, which acts as a leader, needs to decide on its price so as to optimize its revenue while ensuring the PEVGs' participation. On the other hand, the PEVGs, which act as followers, need to decide on their charging strategies so as to optimize a tradeoff between the benefit from battery charging and the associated cost. Using variational inequalities, it is shown that the proposed game possesses a socially optimal Stackelberg equilibrium in which the grid optimizes its price while the PEVGs choose their equilibrium strategies. A distributed algorithm that enables the PEVGs and the smart grid to reach this equilibrium is proposed and assessed by extensive simulations. Further, the model is extended to a time-varying case that can incorporate and handle slowly varying environments.
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Cited by
Das, H. S., Rahman, M. M., Li, S., & Tan, C. W. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109618 · Cited by 1,140
Three-Party Energy Management With Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Grid
Tushar, W., Chai, B., Yuen, C., Smith, D. B., Wood, K. L., Yang, Z., & Poor, H. V. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2341556 · Cited by 379
Self-citationAl-Ogaili, A. S., Tengku Hashim, T. J., Rahmat, N. A., Ramasamy, A. K., Marsadek, M. B., Faisal, M., & Hannan, M. A. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939595 · Cited by 303
Liu, N., Cheng, M., Yu, X., Zhong, J., & Lei, J. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2018.2793181 · Cited by 292
Managing Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid Using Artificial Intelligence: A Survey
Rigas, E. S., Ramchurn, S. D., & Bassiliades, N. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2014.2376873 · Cited by 280
Metadata
- Authors
- Tushar, W., Saad, W., Poor, H. V., & Smith, D. B.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1767-1778
- ISSN
- 1949-3053 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-3061
- OpenAlex
- W2065343413
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 18.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Tushar, W., Saad, W., Poor, H. V., & Smith, D. B. (2012). Economics of Electric Vehicle Charging: A Game Theoretic Approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2211901
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