Transmit Beamforming Design for ISAC With Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces
Open accessAbstract
This paper proposes a transmit beamforming strategy for the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems enabled by the novel stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) architecture, different from conventional single-layer reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) by cascading multiple transmissive metasurface layers, where the base station (BS) simultaneously performs downlink communication and radar target detection via fully passive wave domain beamforming, result in the significant reduction in hardware cost and power consumption. To ensure superior dual-function performance simultaneously, we design the multi-layer cascading beamformer by maximizing the sum rate of the users while optimally shaping the normalized beam pattern for detection. A dual-normalized differential gradient descent ($\text{D}^{3}$) algorithm is further proposed to solve the resulting non-convex multi-objective problem (MOP), where gradient differences and dual normalization are employed to ensure a flexible trade-off between communication and sensing objectives at the gradient level, providing finer control over the optimization process. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed beamforming design in terms of balancing communication and sensing performance.
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After training the transmission coefficients of meta-atoms, the SIM achieved over 90% accuracy in image recognition.
“After training the transmission coefficients of meta-atoms, the SIM achieved over 90 % accuracy in image recognition [105].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [105]
The D³ Algorithm section describes updating SIM meta-atom phase shifts, and the Numerical Results section reports communication sum rates and sensing beam-matching errors. Our copy does not report image-recognition experiments or an accuracy above 90% (searched for image recognition, classification, and accuracy). (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Z. Li, Z. Gao et al., "Unauthorized UAV countermeasure for Low- Altitude Economy: Joint communications and jamming based on MIMO cellular systems," IEEE Internet Things J., To appear.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3571069 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In addition, Li et al. [105] proposed a dual-normalized di ff erential gradient descent algorithm to solve the same problem.”
Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2024) · arXiv · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In addition, Li et al. [105] proposed a dual-normalized di ff erential gradient descent algorithm to solve the same problem.”
- Authors
- Li, S., Zhang, F., Mao, T., Na, R., Wang, Z., & Karagiannidis, G. K.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Institute of Technology (CN)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 6767-6772
- ISSN
- 0018-9545 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9359
- OpenAlex
- W4405440374
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 22
- FWCI
- 5.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62401054, 62088101)
- Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology (2022QNRC001)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB3200310)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Radar Systems and Signal Processing
- Keywords
- transmit beamforming, integrated sensing and communication, stacked intelligent metasurfaces, reconfigurable intelligent surface, passive beamforming, radar target detection, sum rate maximization, sensing-communication trade-off, downlink transmission
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