CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 242Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesMillimeter-Wave Propagation and ModelingAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies

Performance Analysis of Large Intelligent Surfaces (LISs): Asymptotic Data Rate and Channel Hardening Effects

Open access
Jung, Minchae, Saad, Walid, Jang, Youngrok, Kong, Gyuyeol, Choi, Sooyong·2020·IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
DOI 10.1109/twc.2019.2961990
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The concept of a large intelligent surface (LIS) has recently emerged as a promising wireless communication paradigm that can exploit the entire surface of man-made structures for transmitting and receiving information. An LIS is expected to go beyond massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, insofar as the desired channel can be modeled as a perfect line-of-sight. To understand the fundamental performance benefits, it is imperative to analyze its achievable data rate, under practical LIS environments and limitations. In this paper, an asymptotic analysis of the uplink data rate in an LIS-based large antenna-array system is presented. In particular, the asymptotic LIS rate is derived in a practical wireless environment where the estimated channel on LIS is subject to estimation errors, interference channels are spatially correlated Rician fading channels, and the LIS experiences hardware impairments. Moreover, the occurrence of the channel hardening effect is analyzed and the performance bound is asymptotically derived for the considered LIS system. The analytical asymptotic results are then shown to be in close agreement with the exact mutual information as the number of antennas and devices increase without bounds. Moreover, the derived ergodic rates show that hardware impairments, noise, and interference from estimation errors and the non-line-of-sight path become negligible as the number of antennas increases. Simulation results show that an LIS can achieve a performance that is comparable to conventional massive MIMO with improved reliability and a significantly reduced area for antenna deployment.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/twc.2019.2961990

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Jung et al. showed the channel hardening phenomenon in multiuser HMIMO systems, and an asymptotic analysis indicates that the impact of hardware impairments, channel estimation errors, and noise becomes negligible as the number of antennas and devices increases.

    “Furthermore, Jung et al. [55] showed the channel hardening phenomenon in multiuser HMIMO systems. An asymptotic analysis of the uplink data rate indicates that the impact of hardware impairments, channel estimation errors, and noise becomes negligible as the number of antennas and devices increases.”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [55]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 29 · Cited by 242

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. [1][1] M. Jung, W. Saad, Y. Jang, G. Kong, and S. Choi, 'Uplink data rate in large intelligent surfaces: Asymptotic analysis under channel estimation errors,' in European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC) , Dubrovnik, Croatia, Jun. 2020. -
  2. [3][3] --, 'Beyond massive MIMO: The potential of positioning with large intelligent surfaces,' IEEE Trans. Signal Process. , vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 1761-1774, Apr. 2018. -
  3. [4][4] S. Hu, K. Chitti, F. Rusek, and O. Edfors, 'User assignment with distributed large intelligent surface (LIS) systems,' in IEEE PIMRC , Bologna, Italy, Sep. 2018. -
  4. [5][5] C. Huang, A. Zappone, G. C. Alexandropoulos, M. Debbah, and C. Yuen, 'Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication,' IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. , vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 4157-4170, Aug 2019. -
  5. [8][8] Z. Dawy, W. Saad, A. Ghosh, J. Andrews, and E. Yaacoub, 'Towards massive machine type cellular communications,' IEEE Commun. Mag. , vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 120-128, Feb. 2017. -
  6. [9][9] T. Park, N. Abuzainab, and W. Saad, 'Learning how to communicate in the Internet of Things: Finite resources and heterogeneity,' IEEE Access , vol. 4, pp. 7063-7073, Nov. 2016. -
  7. [10][10] M. Mozaffari, W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Debbah, 'Unmanned aerial vehicle with underlaid device-to-device communications: Performance and tradeoffs,' IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. , vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3949-3963, Jun. 2016. -
  8. [11][11] T. Zeng, O. Semiari, W. Saad, and M. Bennis, 'Joint communication and control for wireless autonomous vehicular platoon systems,' available online: arxiv.org/abs/1804.05290 , Apr. 2018. - · arXiv
  9. [12][12] R. Janaswamy, D. Gupta, and D. Schaubert, 'Adaptive correction to array coefficients through dithering and near-field sensing,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 3558-3567, Nov. 2010. -
  10. [13][13] P. Chakravorty and D. Mandal, 'Radiation pattern correction in mutually coupled antenna arrays using parametric assimilation technique,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 4092-4095, Sep. 2016. -
  11. [15][15] X. Rao and V. Lau, 'Distributed compressive CSIT estimation and feedback for FDD multi-user massive MIMO systems,' IEEE Trans. Signal Process. , vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 3261-3271, Jun. 2014. -
  12. [16][16] S. Noh, M. Zoltowski, Y. Sung, and D. J. Love, 'Pilot beam pattern design for channel estimation in massive MIMO systems,' IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. , vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 787-801, Oct. 2014. -
  13. [17][17] B. M. Hochwald, T. L. Marzetta, and V. Tarokh, 'Multiple-antenna channel hardening and its implications for rate feedback and scheduling,' IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory , vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1893-1909, Sep. 2004. -
  14. [19][19] W. Tang, X. Li, J. Y. Dai, S. Jin, Y. Zeng, Q. Cheng, and T. J. Cui, 'Wireless communications with programmable metasurface: Transceiver design and experimental results,' available online: arxiv.org/abs/1811.08119 , Nov. 2018. - · arXiv
  15. [20][20] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication . Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005. -
  16. [21][21] J. Hoydis, S. ten Brink, and M. Debbah, 'Massive MIMO in the UL/DL of cellular networks: How many antennas do we need?' IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. , vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 160-171, Feb. 2013. -
  17. [22][22] J. Song, J. Choi, and D. J. Love, 'Common codebook millimeter wave beam design: Designing beams for both sounding and communication with uniform planar arrays,' IEEE Trans. Commun. , vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1859-1872, Apr. 2017. -
  18. [23][23] Y. Han, S. Jin, X. Li, Y. Huang, L. Jiang, and G. Wang, 'Design of double codebook based on 3D dual-polarized channel for multiuser MIMO system,' EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. , vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 1-13, Jul. 2014. -
  19. [24][24] S. Hu, F. Rusek, and O. Edfors, 'Capacity degradation with modeling hardware impairment in large intelligent surface,' available online: arxiv.org/abs/1810.09672 , Oct. 2018. - · arXiv
  20. [25][25] T. Kim, K. Min, M. Jung, and S. Choi, 'Scaling laws of optimal training lengths for TDD massive MIMO systems,' IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. , vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 7128-7142, Aug. 2018. -
  21. [26][26] F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, E. G. Larsson, T. L. Marzetta, O. Edfors, and F. Tufvesson, 'Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays,' IEEE Signal Process. Mag. , vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 40-60, Jan 2013. -
  22. [27][27] A. S. Y. Poon, R. W. Brodersen, and D. N. C. Tse, 'Degrees of freedom in multiple-antenna channels: A signal space approach,' IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory , vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 523-536, Feb 2005. -
  23. [28][28] H. Benaroya, S. Han, and M. Nagurka, Probability Models in Engineering and Science . Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2005. -
  24. [30][30] R. Ash and C. Dol´ eans-Dade, Probability and Measure Theory . Academic Press, 2000. -
  25. [31][31] L. A. Goodman, 'On the exact variance of products,' Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol. 55, no. 292, pp. 708-713, 1960.

Authors
Jung, M., Saad, W., Jang, Y., Kong, G., & Choi, S.
Affiliations
  • Virginia Tech (US)
  • Kyung Hee University (KR)
  • Yonsei University (KR)
  • Aalto University (FI)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2020-03
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
2052-2065
ISSN
  • 1536-1276 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-2248
DOI
10.1109/twc.2019.2961990
OpenAlex
W2997056960
Cited by
242
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 12
FWCI
15.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016R1A6A3A11936259)
  • National Science Foundation (IIS-1633363, OAC-1638283)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
Keywords
large intelligent surfaces, uplink data rate, channel hardening, asymptotic analysis, ergodic rate, channel estimation error, Rician fading, hardware impairments, massive MIMO, mutual information, non-line-of-sight paths

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review