The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals
Abstract
In this paper, I critically evaluate the logic underlying Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals, and examine the evidence that directly tests its major assumptions. On the basis of my review of the studies they cite, and literature from three other sources, I conclude that the evidence severely challenges the validity of their theoretical framework for explaining observed national differences in psychological phenomena. I offer some ideas about alternative methodologies for research in this important area of psychology that may aid in developing and testing theories of culture and self in the future.
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Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Triandis, H. C. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506 · Cited by 5,019
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245 · Cited by 1,581 · cited 2×
“While their theory was originally published in 1991, Markus and Kitayama’s presentation of its basic tenets has changed little since (e.g., see Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998; Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto, & Norasakkunkit, 1997; Markus & Kitayama, 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 1998).”
BackgroundEmotional expression in Costa Rica and the United States
Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W., & De Vargas, M. C. (1996) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022196272001 · Cited by 87
Cited by
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758
Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056 · Cited by 3,434
Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022105275959 · Cited by 1,345
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.903 · Cited by 1,080
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60 · Cited by 885
Metadata
- Authors
- Matsumoto, D.
- Venue
- Asian Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-310
- ISSN
- 1367-2223 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-839X
- OpenAlex
- W2164281525
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 15.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/1467-839x.00042
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- Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839x.00042
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