The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Saving Face for Darwin: The Functions and Uses of Embarrassment
Abstract
In this article, we review diverse studies of the antecedents, facial display, and social consequences of embarrassment. These studies indicate that embarrassment serves an appeasement function, reconciling social relations when they have gone awry. We then speculate about how embarrassment is elaborated into more complex social interactions, such as teasing and flirtation. We conclude by raising questions about the blush and embarrassment that await empirical consideration.
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“Likewise, humans share expressions of embarrassment with other mammals: face touching paired with downward head movements and eye gaze (Keltner, 1995;Keltner and Anderson, 2000;Keltner and Buswell, 1997).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Keltner and Anderson, 2000
Citations
Cites
Embarrassment and Social Organization
Goffman, E. (1956) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/222003 · Cited by 926
Functional Accounts of Emotions
Keltner, D. J., & Gross, J. J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379140 · Cited by 876
Self-citationEmbarrassment: its distinct form and appeasement functions
Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.250 · Cited by 751
Self-citationThe Expression Of The Emotions In Man And Animals
Darwin, C. D. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195112719.001.0001 · Cited by 733
Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame.
Keltner, D. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441 · Cited by 718
Self-citationSelf Development and Self-Conscious Emotions
Lewis, M. B., Sullivan, M. W., Stanger, C., & Weiss, M. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131080 · Cited by 563
Haidt, J., & Keltner, D. J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379267 · Cited by 383
Self-citationRozin, P. N. (1996) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772690 · Cited by 253
Leary, M. R., Britt, T. W., Cutlip, W. D., & Templeton, J. L. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.446 · Cited by 153
Facial coloration and temperature responses in blushing
Shearn, D., Bergman, E., Hill, K., Abel, A., & Hinds, L. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03194.x · Cited by 97
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- Eibl-Eibesfeldt I., 1989, Human ethology
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blair, R. J. R. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,365
Origins of Human Cooperation and Morality
Tomasello, M., & Vaish, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143812 · Cited by 916
Rai, T. S., & Fiske, A. P. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0021867 · Cited by 887
Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro–cognitive substrates
Blair, J. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1220 · Cited by 564
Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.
Anderson, C. P., Srivastava, S., Beer, J. S., Spataro, S. E., & Chatman, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094 · Cited by 513
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Keltner, D., & Anderson, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keltner, Dacher
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 187-192
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2109682219
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- embarrassment, facial expressions, appeasement, social reconciliation, facial displays, teasing, flirting, Darwinian theory of emotion, evolutionary psychology of emotion
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