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True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone
Abstract
The paper derives world income or expenditure distribution of individuals for 1988 and 1993. It is the first paper to calculate world distribution for individuals based entirely on household surveys from 91 countries, and adjusted for differences in purchasing power parity between countries. Measured by the Gini index, inequality increased from 63 in 1988 to 66 in 1993. The increase was driven more by differences in mean incomes between countries than by inequalities within countries. The most important contributors were rising urban‐rural differences in China, and slow growth of rural incomes in South Asia compared to several large developed economies.
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Citations
Cites
The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988
Summers, R., & Heston, A. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937941 · Cited by 3,429
Cited by
Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?
Wade, R. H. (2004) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.007 · Cited by 649
The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution
Calderón, C., & Servén, L. (2004) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3400 · Cited by 555
How did the world's poorest fare in the 1990s?
Chien, S., & Ravallion, M. (2001) · Review of Income and Wealth · doi:10.1111/1475-4991.00018 · Cited by 482
Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking beyond Averages
Ravallion, M. (2001) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-2558 · Cited by 353
Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution? Evidence from Household Surveys
Milanovic, B. (2005) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhi003 · Cited by 305
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Milanovic, B.
- Venue
- The Economic Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-01-01
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 476
- Pages
- 51-92
- ISSN
- 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0297
- OpenAlex
- W2099004904
- Cited by
- 795
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 268.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Milanovic, B. (2002). True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.0j673
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
