Engendering carcerality: An introduction

In the paper

“Not until the 1990s was the term 'carcerality' in much use, but the concept became ubiquitous following the 1998 Critical Resistance Conference.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1]

In the paper

“Similarly, Zhanna Popova's article on women in the Gulag highlights the dangers of seeing the male inmate as the 'standard' when it comes to prison labour.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zhanna Popova's article

In the paper

“Wardens had no clothing or cribs for babies, nor did they have the money to buy them.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Van der Zande's article

In the paper

“Before the efforts of liberal reformers in the nineteenth century championing the cause of separate women-only prisons, men and women were accommodated in the same building; however, the majority of the prison was devoted to the housing of men while women occupied whatever was leftover.”

In the paper

“The prisons had infirmaries, but no birth rooms, so women gave birth in their gaol cells or in a storage closet.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Van der Zande's article

In the paper

“The ever-expanding carceral landscape requires us to cast a broader net when thinking about people who end up confined in prisons and other institutions.”

In the paper

“In specific places, this carceral net could catch welfare recipients, unruly wives, the rebellious enslaved and uncooperative servants, political opponents or protestors and women who kill their abusive husbands.”

In the paper

“Until fairly recently, women inmates have been regarded as unworthy of study, and gender has almost always been conceptualised as being binary.”

In the paper

“Michel Foucault argued that modernity itself is a carceral society, one that employs new and expanded technologies of power, a statement that is even more true today”

What the sources say

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  cites [5]

In the paper

“England was not alone in being ill-equipped to deal with female inmates.Guy Geltner has noted similar crowding for women in Le Stinche in mediaeval Florence.45”

What the sources say

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  cites [45]

In the paper

“Confinement occurs in monasteries, gulags, workhouses, indentured servitude, lock hospitals, asylums, Native boarding schools, homes for wayward girls and delinquent boys, plantation holding cells and chain gangs, immigrant detention centres and refugee camps.”

In the paper

“Morals policing, for example, has not assumed the same form for men as it has for women because the ideals bound up in reformation are integrally tied to contemporary norms of gender conventions.”

In the paper

“In this environment, discussions of criminality came to include morals policing, reform, immigration control and carceral domesticity”

In the paper

“While male prisoners might have yards for exercise, access to a chapel or a visiting room, or even places to socialise, women were excluded from these altogether.47”

What the sources say

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  cites [47]

In the paper

“As sociologists LaTosha Traylor and Richie have observed, 'female offenders are more likely to have a history of victimisation, usually at the hands of a loved one, which has influenced her involvement in criminal activities'.”

What the sources say

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  cites Traylor and Richie

In the paper

“The prisoner takes on multiple forms: juvenile delinquents, undocumented people, the poor, racial others and those who refuse to conform to sexual norms.”

In the paper

“Structures of power can be traced through the profitability of incarceration.”

In the paper

“Scholars previously have illuminated how a range of political actors, including Italian women Parliamentarians after the Second World War and Cuban Communists in the 1960s, would rehabilitate prostitutes through worthy work, a retraining that prepared them only for the lowly occupations that encouraged better-paying sexual labour.”

What the sources say

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  cites [8]

In the paper

“Traylor and Richie document the continuation of this imbalance into the twenty-first century, remarking that '[women] are less likely to be arrested, detained, adjudicated, charged, sentenced, confined to a correctional facility, and therefore released back to their community under correctional supervision'.”

What the sources say

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  cites [14]

In the paper

“Daily labour norms were set based on a man's labour, and women inmates simply could not keep up.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zhanna Popova's article

In the paper

“Everyday resistance, hunger strikes, break-outs, insider/outside solidarities, labour organising and legal challenges disrupt the workings of systems in the present time”

In the paper

“The continuity further underscores that the problems we see are not a product of modernity, but instead have deep foundations that warrant further investigation.”

In the paper

“Her study of three English counties in the years between 1300 and 1348 uncovered a ratio of one woman to every nine men accused of felony, a figure that closely resembled 1955 United States (1:8) and 1970s Britain (1:7.4).”

What the sources say

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  cites [13]

In the paper

“While men in prison were separated according to the nature of their crime and (throughout much of history) also their social rank, women were lodged altogether, with pickpockets and debtors sharing the same space as murderers.43”

What the sources say

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  cites [43]

In the paper

“Studies demonstrate that men and women end up in carceral institutions for very different reasons and with different backgrounds, all of which have an impact on how they experience incarceration.”

In the paper

“We highlight that the absence of conceptual space for women in prison is a problem with a history that goes back 500 years and is deeply entangled in perceptions of gendered criminality and gendered power structures.”

In the paper

“Nonetheless, power is not absolute even when it is the most lethal.”

In the paper

“Women prisoners indeed have always been, and continue to be, a distinct minority.”

In the paper

“And they were unprepared to handle new mothers with lactation problems, leading to the deaths of multiple infants.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Van der Zande's article

In the paper

“The surveilling gaze of society became ever present, requiring 'self-normalization', that is, 'a never-ending evaluation of one's conformity'.”

What the sources say

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  cites [7]

In the paper

“What this has meant is that conditions for women in prison were often far worse than for men: more crowding, less space, fewer personnel and fewer resources.”

In the paper

“carceral regimes have generated pushback.”

In the paper

“Van der Zande's article in this special issue demonstrates just how problematic it was to have prisons designed for men housing women.”

What the sources say

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  cites Van der Zande's article

In the paper

“Imprisonment, confinement and detention have histories, but so does resistance inside and outside of jails, reformatories, asylums and other spaces of restriction.”

In the paper

“A case in point: incarceration has often been thought to be especially appropriate for women, so much so that in the mediaeval context, enclosure was a 'defining element' of a religious woman's practice.”

What the sources say

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  cites [49]

In the paper

“As Rafter notes, the inmates 'were being forced into the role of characters in a bourgeois fantasy of a bygone rural world, rather than being dealt with as adults in an industrialising, class-divided society'.53”

What the sources say

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  cites Rafter
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  cites [53]

In the paper

“Once again, the Borstal was not punitive, but reformatory and forward-thinking.”

What the sources say

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  cites Ellis's article

In the paper

“Confinement secured seclusion from the temptations and corruptions of the secular world in order to safeguard the female soul.”

In the paper

“The irony, of course, is that the vast majority of the women in reformatories were of working-class backgrounds, and upon release could not simply slide into positions as housewives.They had no choice but to take up jobs outside the household, thus, many of the 'skills' taught within the reformatory were limited in use.”

What the sources say

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  cites [53]

In the paper

“Because rations were doled out based on an individual's rate of productivity, women were consistently malnourished and too weak for such strenuous manual labour.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zhanna Popova's article

In the paper

“While monks might wander from their monasteries and interact with the secular world, strict claustration was necessary to preserve nuns' spiritual beings uncorrupted.”

In the paper

“Haverty-Stacke reminds us that this idea was both gendered and raced: This was an exceedingly white ideal.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Haverty-Stacke

In the paper

“Forced placement also included welfare recipients who refused to do 'reasonable work'; thus, state care once again took the form of coercion.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Annalisa Martin's article

In the paper

“Labour was the solution to this problem, but not just any kind: hard manual labour that was specifically gendered in nature.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Annalisa Martin's article

In the paper

“None of these inmates were felons (even prostitution was legal): therefore, the workhouse's aims were not punitive but reformist and civic-minded.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Annalisa Martin's article

In the paper

“Bishops believed that such a strict approach to confinement suited women's moral precarity best; accordingly, anchoresses outnumbered anchorites 4:1.49”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [49]

In the paper

“Ellis's article on the Borstal in India in the 1920s and 1930s presents a reformatory that was constructed exclusively for young men, preferably between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one, although those admitted at the age of twenty-one were permitted to stay on until twenty-three.”

What the sources say

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  cites Ellis's article

In the paper

“In its earliest years, the disciplinary strategies implemented at Alderson were infantilising.Punishments included loss of movie nights or access to the commissary.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haverty-Stacke's article

In the paper

“This approach was most visible with anchorites, that is, religious recluses who had themselves entombed in the wall of a church, declared dead to society, and who existed in a liminal space between heaven and earth -a surprisingly popular religious vocation in late mediaeval Europe.”

In the paper

“As Pemberton has written, 'The history of punishment over the past two centuries has involved repeated attempts to normalise female prisoners according to white, middle-class conceptions of acceptable femininity, in which women were regarded as wives and homemakers'.52”

What the sources say

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  cites Pemberton
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  cites [52]

In the paper

“A concentration camp during the Second World War, Brauweiler was repurposed in the post-war era to become the retraining centre for beggars, vagrants, alcoholics and prostitutes -all those deemed by the state to be 'work-shy', that is, actively engaged in avoiding honest work.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Annalisa Martin's article

In the paper

“Of course, women's inherent moral turpitude has meant that they were 'also more likely to corrupt their fellow inmates', further corroborating the need for sex segregation and the existence of solitary confinement for the stubbornly unrepentant.50”

What the sources say

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  cites [50]

In the paper

“Again, this model was an American experiment of the 1890s to early 1900s, deemed particularly appropriate to women's reformation.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Haverty-Stacke's article

In the paper

“Men required custodial confinement because (it was believed) they were unredeemable, but an emerging ideology supported reformatories as a means of turning women misfits into model citizens by inculcating its inmates with a white, middle-class femininity.”

What the sources say

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  cites [51]

In the paper

“Gendered beliefs, such as these, lie at the base of each of the various carceral environments discussed within this special issue.”

In the paper

“The state saw the workhouse as a small piece in a larger programme of national reform.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Annalisa Martin's article

In the paper

“Few security measures were in place: the reformatory existed without bars, without walls, because its proponents believed that women were 'too passive to attempt escapes'.54”

What the sources say

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  cites [54]

In the paper

“The presence of children in prisons is a reminder of the permeability of carceral spaces.”

In the paper

“Women who entered carceral spaces while pregnant had no control over their health and diet before, during or after childbirth; birthing spaces were often repurposed and inadequate; and what medical professionals were available lacked obstetrical experience.”

In the paper

“If prisons were not built for women, they were certainly not built for babies.”

In the paper

“While women may have used the extra time to seek a pardon, plot their escape or have their sentence commuted to penal transportation, the reprieve was granted out of consideration for the unborn child's life, not its mother's.”

What the sources say

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  cites [57]

In the paper

“This domestic approach to incarceration was not specific to the Netherlands.Nineteenth-century workhouses across Europe functioned on the same ideal, with residential staff being called 'mother' and 'father' by the inmates.55”

What the sources say

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  cites [55]

In the paper

“Men and women also shared space in the Russian Gulag, described by Popova, where women were often in the uncomfortable situation of having to enter into 'camp marriages' with other prisoners for protection against sexual aggressors.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“As a matter of fact, in her study of prison in nineteenth century Ireland, Elaine Farrel uncovered instances of women convicts whose husbands were still living and not incarcerated, and thus one would think best suited to care for their children, who still brought their children to prison with them because the expectation was that children need to be with their mothers.59”

What the sources say

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  cites [59]

In the paper

“Despite the difficulties children presented, reformatories in particular celebrated motherhood as the ideal for all women, such that one of the political prisoners at Alderson Federal Reformatory, who figures largely in Haverty-Stacke's article, described feeling like 'a freak of nature' among the other inmates because she was not a mother.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haverty-Stacke

In the paper

“More important still, the running ideological thread throughout all of the reforms imposed within the wide variety of carceral geographies is that reform within the institution was just the first step towards a much larger programme for moral reform on a national scale.”

In the paper

“We see this also in Pliley's article in the way that immigration control in early twentieth century America transformed into white surveillance and morals policing.”

What the sources say

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  cites Pliley's article

In the paper

“The political prisoners who survived the evolving Gulag system spoke of the Gulag as the 'small zone' and the rest of Soviet Russia as the 'big zone'.Their point, as Popova explains, was that there was no freedom in the Soviet Union, 'only degrees of unfreedom'.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“Nonetheless, rights relating to pregnancy and motherhood are rarely considered to belong to that corpus; indeed, women's rights are seldom understood to be human rights.”

In the paper

“The household was divided by sex: He was responsible for the male inmates, while she was in charge of the women.”

What the sources say

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  cites van der Zande

In the paper

“Though she was redeemed through labour, that is, by serving others, though she came to embrace the domestic ideal, even becoming engaged to an American GI after the war, she was caught in a racial paradox: She was unable to marry her white GI in Japan but unable to enter the United States unless she was married to him, an extension of carceral spaces from enforcement of state policy.”

What the sources say

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  cites Pliley's article

In the paper

“After that, they were often taken to prison nurseries, as was the case in the Russian Gulag and at Alderson Federal Reformatory, where women inmates cared for them, or they were relocated on the outside to orphanages or foster homes.”

What the sources say

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  cites van der Zande
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  cites Popova
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  cites Haverty-Stacke

In the paper

“Some mothers had their children taken from them immediately after birth; this was the case in the Prison of 's-Hertogenbosch until 1822.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites van der Zande

In the paper

“While Foucault has emphasised carceral expansion into society at large, we also need to acknowledge the reverse.”

In the paper

“Van der Zande includes examples of wardens and physicians willing to challenge the law in order to make sure that infants received adequate food and clothing, although most preferred to have children accommodated outside of the prison so that it was not their concern.”

What the sources say

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  cites van der Zande

In the paper

“The experiences of Akimoto demonstrate the scope and variety of the carceral system.She was held in detention in county jails and by dockside police, at INS offices, in Protestant reformatories, as a domestic in private homes, in solitary confinement and also in internment camps.”

What the sources say

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  cites Pliley's article

In the paper

“This was certainly the case with Markova, who worked in the camp nursery at the Gulag.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“Similarly, mothers were still expected to be mothers while in prison.”

In the paper

“Prison wardens and physicians were clearly unhappy having pregnant mothers, babies and young children in their midst.”

In the paper

“As Elena Markova, one of the political prisoners housed in the Gulag whose memoir informs Popova's article, states, the situation would seem to be antithetical: 'Women hard labourers (katorzhanki) were destined for extermination and not for reproduction'.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“Some of the memoirs discussed in this issue offer examples of women whose lives were filled with purpose because they worked with children in carceral environments.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“Women were thus incarcerated for transgressive sexuality, that is, premarital sex, transactional sex, but also sex with the wrong people, specifically the Allied forces or Black Americans.”

What the sources say

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  cites Martin

In the paper

“She explains how female inmates in the Brauweiler workhouse were typically understood to be hypersexual.”

What the sources say

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  cites Martin

In the paper

“Refusal became a form of resistance.”

In the paper

“Doing this permitted them to contest the infantilising rhetoric of colonial rule.”

In the paper

“She concludes that 'entangled crimmigration systems contributed to race making and gender making by imagining decent and indecent work, revealing racialised gender as created through state violence and certain types of work -domestic labour -as racialised and gendered'.”

What the sources say

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  cites Pliley

In the paper

“Ellis reveals how the Borstals themselves were a means of resistance for elite Indians to contest colonial rule.”

What the sources say

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  cites Ellis

In the paper

“As Martin's investigation of the conditions of the Brauweiler workhouse confirm, visiting was subject to good behaviour, a practice that Rafter observes was also standard in American reformatories of the same era, intended as a form of blackmail to keep mothers on the straight and narrow.61”

What the sources say

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  cites Martin
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  cites Rafter
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  cites [61]

In the paper

“They could also fight eugenics ideas that anything was inborn, by arguing that their youths were the same as youths all over the globe.”

What the sources say

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  cites Ellis

In the paper

“They practised mutual aid in multiple ways: watching each other on the streets, sharing resources and coordinating legal actions.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haynes

In the paper

“New York streetwalkers collectively deployed habeas corpus (a writ bringing freedom when held without due process) to block detention and foil Mayor Fernando Wood's plan to appropriate their labour through the prison workhouse and licensed brothel, establishing something similar to the French system of regulated prostitution.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haynes

In the paper

“This collection adds to the history of sexuality in prison through two distinct strands.”

In the paper

“For Pliley, anti-sex trafficking immigration laws generated multiple forms of coercion, including rehabilitation from indecent sex work to low-waged raced and gendered domestic service.”

What the sources say

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  cites Pliley

In the paper

“After all, none of these women were trained educators or childcare specialists; many did not even have the experience of being a mother.”

In the paper

“However, performing femininity in dehumanising conditions of the reformatory could turn hegemonic femininity into a survival strategy.”

In the paper

“After 1822, the responsibility to care for children over the age of two fell to the prisoner's domicile of assistance, that is, the municipality where the parents had lived for four consecutive years, and if such a thing did not exist, then their place of birth.”

What the sources say

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  cites van der Zande

In the paper

“Like Gray Fischer, her individual case dramatises the human consequences of carceral logic.”

In the paper

“Crafts offered a respite from the drudgery of forced labour; they were a coping mechanism, a means to hold onto one's humanity in a dehumanising atmosphere; and they fostered resilience among prisoners who experienced pride and joy in their work.”

In the paper

“Van der Zande's article highlights mothers determined to undermine the system that removed their children from their care.”

What the sources say

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  cites van der Zande

In the paper

“Through a finely grained social and political history, Haynes offers a revisionist interpretation of the antebellum women's movement in the United States.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haynes

In the paper

“As Freedman observed in her classic study, much of the history that discusses sexuality in prison has focused on lesbianism with a decidedly bizarre, voyeuristic fascination.62”

What the sources say

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  cites Freedman
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  cites [62]

In the paper

“Popova describes how voluntary labour functioned as a form of resistance for those within the Gulag; specifically, she examines how prisoners made clothing and keepsakes, both for themselves and for others outside the camp.”

What the sources say

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  cites Popova

In the paper

“Haverty-Stacke speaks of political activist Grace Carlson in the Alderson Federal Reformatory, who continued to write letters to fellow activists outside of prison, and despite the attempts to retrain her as a domestic and dependent being, she even had an article published in a journal of political activism during her incarceration.”

What the sources say

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  cites Haverty-Stacke

In the paper

“At the very least, interpretations of these relationships have changed over time.”

In the paper

“Resistance comes in many forms, including individual defiance and refusal, mutual aid, legal challenges and political action.”

In the paper

“By participating in the global conversation about 'what is adolescence', they were able to show that they were modern and dedicated to science, just like Britain.”

What the sources say

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  cites Ellis

In the paper

“Writing in 2003, Kruttschnitt and Gartner explained that lesbianism is no longer viewed as 'evidence of pathology or deprivation'; rather, samesex relations in prison are now understood as 'evidence of women inmates' active resistance to their carceral lives and the existing power relations within prison, or as efforts at identity construction in a depersonalising environment'.63”

What the sources say

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  cites Kruttschnitt and Gartner
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  cites [63]

In the paper

“Dubrofsky and Magnet flag how the 'often mundane and seamless' use of technology needs to be examined 'with a profound sense that what goes unquestioned can be dangerous'.68”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [68]

In the paper

“Critical gendered histories of incarceration and resistance illuminate the path forward.”

In the paper

“For minoritised and othered bodies, today the overreliance on security and monitoring technologies in the workplace, school, airports and public spaces creates yet another decentralised space of confinement.”

In the paper

“The retelling of endured trauma figures as a point of resistance and oppositional stance to the politics of migration that subject trans bodies to a sex/gender binary and criminalisation.”

In the paper

“Corporate technology and security industries extend the carceral logic of the state and the prison into our daily lives.”

In the paper

“In 2001, an amended California Penal Code allowed battered women convicted before 1992 (when they finally could enter information about their abuse at trial) to petition for freedom under the same doctrine of habeas corpus that streetwalkers had operationalised more than a century before.”

In the paper

“In 2022, the death of Mahsa Amini while in the custody of Iran's morality police for improper veiling sparked the Women Life Freedom protests and the ensuing mass arrests and unlawful detainment of women, queer and ethnic and religious minorities.70”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [70]

In the paper

“Across the globe, the rise of authoritarianism and carceral regimes further increases surveillance of the daily movement of populations, facilitated by the use of biometric technologies, the selling of private user data to state agencies, and bloated police and military budgets.”

In the paper

“In the United States, MAGA far-right politicians and anti-protest policies hope to quell the dissent of LGBTQIA+, proabortion and pro-Palestinian movements in schools, cultural institutions and public space.”

In the paper

“Carcerality as a concept encompassing a range of state and non-state strategies of control allows us to search for histories that exemplify a matched multiplicity in strategies of resistance.”

In the paper

“Her assessment of collective clemency as a radical demand, the limits of the battered women defences and the partiality of legislative reform account for the constrained room for manoeuvre that the domestic violence movement found itself with its own institutionalisation and reliance on the punishment of perpetrators, a form of carceral feminism belonging to the long trajectory that began with Hay”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Klein

In the paper

“Carcerality in its many forms utilises multiple technologies of confinement mobilised by the state and other social institutions.”

In the paper

“The articles in this special issue demonstrate the myriad locations, modalities and ideological regimes that have historically punished or confined gendered and racialised bodies.”

In the paper

“Meanwhile, social services and civil liberties continue to decline.”

In the paper

“Historically, surveillance played a role in colonial expansion that required the documenting and monitoring of racialised populations.”

In the paper

“Brazil's Marielle Franco's legacy reminds us that to be Black, lesbian, working class and critical of the state is to be already surveilled and imprisoned through the hypervisibility of one's activism and invisibility of one's social position.71”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [71]

In the paper

“In Latin America, the rise of authoritarianism brings back memories of a not-so-distant past where regimes mobilised carceral tactics to surveil and criminalise public protest and dissent resulting in mass disappearances of dissenters.”

In the paper

“Recognising the double violence of domestic and state violence, they engaged in 'public-facing activism to educate the public, change criminal laws, and ultimately, free themselves from prison by launching a joint clemency movement in California'.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Klein

In the paper

“Gray Fischer illuminates the displacement of self-defence, forged by feminist lawyers in the late 1970s, as a reasonable response to women's circumstances by psychological theory that reinscribed discourses of pathology and victimhood.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gray Fischer

In the paper

“Martha Balaguera calls attention to the rise of asylum cases of chicas trans and the growing number of trans bodies in detention facilities, shelters and homelessness, in the United States and Mexico.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [67]

In the paper

“In confronting state power, streetwalkers sought 'to create a world in which they could control their own labour, have sex without punishment, and move freely through the city'.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Haynes

In the paper

“Klein not only recognises the power of collective care practices but also critiques how gender essentialism ignored the experiences of Black and other women of colour, reinforcing the whiteness to which legislators and the media responded when the women took their claims public.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Klein

In the paper

“They repurposed jails for a night's rest and the penitentiary hospital for treatment of venereal disease.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Haynes

In the paper

“Surveillance enacted by the state and other agents often leads to an expansion of the prison-industrial complex and a rise in the incarceration of women of colour and gendered subjects.”

In the paper

“DasGupta expands on detention scholarship through an analysis of the cultural representation of transgender asylees, reframing the detention cell as a space 'between sovereign law and internationally accepted standards for the treatment of refugees', where transgender bodies endure trauma and sometimes death.66”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66]

In the paper

“Today, Argentina's far right skews facts about the number of disappeared during the 1976-1983 dictatorship, and the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo still march on and warn of the slippery slope of right-wing extremist political discourse into the familiar territory of authoritarian regimes.69”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [69]

In the paper

“However, the vagrancy laws protested by streetwalkers would travel to the South and be used to lock up formerly enslaved people in the following decades.”

In the paper

“Debanuj DasGupta sheds light on the gendered procedures of asylum and detention for transgender asylum seekers as they navigate a sex/gender binary that marks their bodies as noncitizen and disposable.65”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [65]

In the paper

“In contrast, Gray Fischer and Rachel Klein reveal the limits of the law in their complementary articles on the emergence of 'battered woman syndrome' more than a century later as a defence for women who murder intimate partners.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gray Fischer
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Rachel Klein

In the paper

“The many pathways to incarceration, detention and confinement presented in this special issue only reassert the critical need for feminist perspectives on all that constitutes the carceral.”

In the paper

“They established networks of legal aid, and developed their own rights claims, to walk the streets.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Haynes

In the paper

“This is true not only of surveillance and technological normalcy but of the way that authoritarian regimes normalise everyday carceral logic into civilian life.”

In the paper

“For women, LGBTQIA+ and racial and religious minorities living under extremist regimes, political imprisonment exists outside the walls of the holding cell in daily acts of freedom and unfreedom.”