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Early educational and health enrichment at age 3–5 years is associated with increased autonomic and central nervous system arousal and orienting at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of environmental enrichment on psychophysiological measures of arousal and orienting in humans. This study tests the hypothesis that early educational and health enrichment is associated with long‐term increases in psychophysiological orienting and arousal. One hundred children were experimentally assigned to a two‐year enriched nursery school intervention at ages 3–5 years and matched at age 3 years on psychophysiological measures, gender, and ethnicity to 100 comparisons who received the normal educational experience. Children were retested 6–8 years later at age 11 years on skin conductance (SC) and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures of arousal and attention during pre‐ and postexperimental rest periods and during the continuous performance task. Nursery enrichment was associated with increased SC amplitudes, faster SC rise times, faster SC recovery times, and less slow‐wave EEG during both rest and CPT conditions. This is believed to be the first study to show that early environmental enrichment is associated with long‐term increases in psychophysiological orienting and arousal in humans. Results draw attention to the important influence of the early environment in shaping later psychophysiological functioning.
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“the CAUG showed an immature pattern of brain activity with greater distribution of power in the theta band (Benninger et al., 1984, Matthis et al., 1980, Raine et al., 2001).”
From Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2016) · cites this paper as Raine et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“an enriched nursery school intervention has been shown to alter the neural activity of impoverished children, increasing power in fast EEG activity and improved attentional orienting during a cognitive task (Raine et al., 2001)”
From Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2016) · cites this paper as Raine et al., 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dalais, C., Mellingen, K., Reynolds, C., & Mednick, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raine, Adrian
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 254-266
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W1981519104
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 43.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05mh000619-13)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH046435, 5 K05 MH00619-08, K02MH001114, K02MH01114-01, R01 MH 46435-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, early childhood education, arousal, orienting, skin conductance, EEG, slow-wave sleep, continuous performance test, attention, long-term effects
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Central Nervous System, Child, Child, Preschool, Education, Female, Health, Humans, Male, Orientation, Early Intervention, Educational
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