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Cited by 341Policing Practices and PerceptionsCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisGun Ownership and Violence Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015: Further Evidence of Implicit Bias

Nix, Justin, Campbell, Bradley A., Byers, Edward H., Alpert, Geoffrey P.·2017·Criminology & Public Policy
DOI 10.1111/1745-9133.12269
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Abstract

Research Summary We analyzed 990 police fatal shootings using data compiled by The Washington Post in 2015. After first providing a basic descriptive analysis of these shootings, we then examined the data for evidence of implicit bias by using multivariate regression models that predict two indicators of threat perception failure: (1) whether the civilian was not attacking the officer(s) or other civilians just before being fatally shot and (2) whether the civilian was unarmed when fatally shot. The results indicated civilians from “other” minority groups were significantly more likely than Whites to have not been attacking the officer(s) or other civilians and that Black civilians were more than twice as likely as White civilians to have been unarmed. Policy Implications We implore the U.S. government to move forward with its publication of a national police use‐of‐force database, including as much information about the officers involved as possible. We further suggest police departments use training programs and community activities to minimize implicit bias among their officers.

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Crossref · 10.1111/1745-9133.12269

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Citations

Cites

Show all 120 references

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Adams Kenneth, 1999, Use of Force By Police: Overview of National and Local Data Series
  2. Alpert Geoffrey P., 1989, Critical Issues in Policing
  3. Alpert Geoffrey P., 2015, Listening Session on Policy and Oversight: Use of Force Research and Policies
  4. Alpert Geoffrey P., 1997, The Force Factor: Measuring Police Use of Force Relative to Suspect Resistance
  5. Alpert Geoffrey P., 1992, Police Vehicles and Firearms: Instruments of Deadly Force
  6. Black Donald J., 1976, The Behavior of Law
  7. Duda Janelle, 2011, Real Talk, Real Walk—A Model for the Nation: Youth/Police Strategize to Improve RPD's Relationship with Youth
  8. Fachner George, 2015, An Assessment of Deadly Force in the Philadelphia Police Department
  9. Fyfe James J., 1988, The Metro‐Dade Police‐Civilian Violence Reduction Project
  10. Geller William A., 1992, Deadly Force: What We Know: A Practitioner's Desk Reference on Police‐Involved Shootings
  11. James Lois, 2016, Implicit bias versus the “Ferguson Effect”: Pyschosocial factors impacting officers’ decisions to use deadly force, The Police Chief, 83, 44
  12. Katz Charles M., 2014, Evaluating the Impact of Officer Body Worn Cameras in the Phoenix Police Department
  13. Klinger David, 2012, Into the Kill Zone: A Cop's Eye View of Deadly Force
  14. Lowery Wesley, 2016, Study finds police fatally shoot unarmed Black men at disproportionate rates, The Washington Post
  15. Muir William K., 1977, Police: Streetcorner Politicians
  16. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.181 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H., & Alpert, G. P.
Affiliations
  • University of Louisville (US)
  • Griffith University (AU)
Corresponding author
Nix, Justin
ORCID
Venue
Criminology & Public Policy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2017-02
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
309-340
ISSN
  • 1538-6473 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-9133
DOI
10.1111/1745-9133.12269
OpenAlex
W2587586470
Cited by
336
References
120
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22
FWCI
187.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 7 d)
Locations
  • Criminology & Public Policy (publishedVersion)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Keywords
police use of force, implicit bias, threat perception, racial disparities, police training, civilian deaths

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