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The progression of myopia from its onset at age 8–12 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on myopic progression. A 23‐year follow‐up study
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To examine myopic progression and factors connected with myopic progression. Methods: Myopic schoolchildren, with no previous spectacles, 119 boys and 121 girls, were recruited during 1983–1984 to a randomized 3‐year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia with a subsequent 20‐year follow‐up. Participants' mean age at Baseline was 10.9, ranging from 8.7 to 12.8 years. An ophthalmological examination was carried out annually for 3 years and twice thereafter at ca. 10‐year intervals. Additional refraction values were received from prescriptions issued by different ophthalmologists and opticians. Altogether, 1915 refraction values were available. Reading distance and accommodation were measured at each control visit. Data on parents' myopia, daily time spent on reading and close work, outdoor activities and watching television were gathered with a structured questionnaire. Results: Using bifocals (+1.75 add) or reading without glasses or accommodation stimulus during the 3‐year period in childhood did not correlate with adulthood refraction. Short reading distance in childhood predicted higher adulthood myopia among females. The factors predicting faster myopic progression were parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities at childhood. Time spent on reading and close work in childhood was related to myopic progression during the first 3 years but did not predict adulthood myopia. Myopia throughout follow‐up was higher among those who watched television <3 hr daily than those who spent more time watching television. Mean myopic progression 8 years after age 20–24 was −0.45 D ± 0.71 (SD), and in 45% of cases, progression was ≥0.5 D. Conclusions: In nearly half of the cases, myopia beginning at school continued to progress into adulthood. Higher adulthood myopia was mainly related to parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities in childhood.
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“The study, however, represents a large study sample of smartphone users across the entire education level and age spectrum during which myopia development and progression is most likely, 45 and thus, the period during which environmental influences may pose a significant risk to the development of myopic refractive error.”
From Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia
Mccrann, S., Loughman, J., Butler, J. S., Paudel, N., & Flitcroft, D. I. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/cxo.13092 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Pärssinen, O., Kauppinen, M., & Viljanen, A.
- Affiliations
- Central Finland Health Care District (FI)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pärssinen, Olavi
- Venue
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-03-27
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 730-739
- ISSN
- 0001-639X (ISSN-L)
- 1755-375X
- 1755-3768
- OpenAlex
- W2001045796
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Ophthalmologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- the Academy of Finland (7936/304/84)
- The Finnish Opthalmological Society
- The Silmäsäätiö Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- myopia progression, childhood myopia, heredity (biology), parental myopia, outdoor activities, sport, reading distance, television viewing, accommodation, bifocal lenses, refractive error, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Accommodation, Ocular, Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Environment, Eyeglasses, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Myopia, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reading, Refraction, Ocular, Risk Factors, Age of Onset, Disease Progression, Heredity, Young Adult
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