Cited by 1,511Mental Health Treatment and AccessChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentTreatment of Major Depression

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Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Shorey, Shefaly, Ng, Esperanza Debby, Wong, Celine H. J.·2022·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1111/bjc.12333

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Adolescence is a formative and turbulent phase where physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive changes leave adolescents vulnerable to psychological disorders. Given the lack of reviews that consolidate and compare worldwide prevalence of depression among adolescents, this review aims to examine the global prevalence of major depressive disorders, dysthymia, and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Six databases were searched for studies published from 2001 to December 2020. Seventy-two studies were included. Subgroup analysis were performed for year of publication, geographical region, gender, and assessment tools used. RESULTS: The global point prevalence rate of elevated self-reported depressive symptoms from 2001 to 2020 was 34% (95% CI: 0.30-0.38). Point prevalence for major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia was 8% (95% CI: 0.02-0.13) and 4% (95% CI: 0.01-0.07), respectively. The pooled one-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence for MDD were 8% (95% CI: 0.05-0.12) and 19% (95% CI: 0.12-0.26). Point prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents increased from 24% (95% CI: 0.19-0.28) between 2001 and 2010 to 37% (95% CI: 0.32-0.42) between 2011 and 2020. The Middle East, Africa, and Asia have the highest prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms, and female adolescents were reported to have a higher prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms than male adolescents. CONCLUSION: Besides targeting those with existing clinical depression, research and policies should also focus on educational and supportive mitigation efforts to curb depressive symptoms among adolescents before escalation. The findings encourage future research to develop more gender-specific and culturally relevant intervention programmes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: 34% of adolescents globally, aged 10-19 years, are at risk of developing clinical depression, which exceeds the reported estimates of individuals aged 18 to 25 years. Practitioners are highly encouraged to prioritize depression screening and intervention implementation for individuals in this age group. Female adolescents and adolescents from Middle East, Africa, and Asia have the highest risk of developing depression. This urges practitioners and researchers to develop more gender-specific and culturally relevant intervention programmes.

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“Lastly, as evidence has established that poor body image 9 and many other mental health concerns, such as depression, 113 anxiety, 114 and eating disorders 115 disproportionately impact girls as compared to boys, our study focused only on girls ’ perspectives.”
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Beket, E. S., Hoogsteder, M. H. H., Popma, A., Creemers, D. H. M., & Rasing, S. P. A. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23638-8 · Cited by 5
“On top of that, 34% of the adolescents report elevated depressive symptoms in self-questionnaires [4].”
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Nguyen, H., Conway, M.-L., Murphy, D., Brady, A., & Hennessy, E. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108549 · Cited by 5
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“[2] The pathogenesis of depression is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and biological interactions.”
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“[2] A study has shown that the risk of depression in adolescents is related to many factors, such as poor academic performance, poorassociations with classmates, and fear of the future.”
Longitudinal association of breakfast and midnight snacks with depressive symptoms in China multi-ethnic adolescents
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“Global statistics indicate that depressive symptoms are prevalent among adolescents, with estimates ranging from 24% in 2001–2010 to 37% in 2011–2020 (Shorey et al., 2022).”
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“Given the notable rise in the prevalence of adolescent mental health problems [7, 8], there is an urgent need for an improved understanding of risk and protective factors of adolescent mental health to inform effective and actionable prevention strategies.”
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“Adolescence represents a critical period for the onset of depressive symptoms, which constitute the leading cause of morbidity and disability in this age group [ 10 – 12 ].”
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“Notably, the prevalence of depression varies by age, specifically 19% in adolescents [64], 5% in adults [72], as well as 13.3% in elderly [1].”
Influential
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“Depression is a prevalent mental health issue among adolescents, significantly impacting their overall well-being (Shorey et al., 2022 ).”
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“Furthermore, the highest prevalence of depression among pharmacy students in this study was found in the Western Pacific Region, which contrasts with the findings of Shorey et al. (2022) [72].”
Olfactory bulbectomy induces neurobiological alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hyperlocomotion in male rats
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“Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, during which physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive changes make adolescents more susceptible to psychological problems (2), with depression being particularly common.”
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“Transitioning into adolescence, children in Western cultures generally show heightened negative emotions and fluctuations (Larson et al., 2002; Reitsema et al., 2022), as well as increases in internalizing problems related to negative emotions (e.g., depression; Shorey et al., 2022).”
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“According to the recommended threshold of BDI-II ( ≥ 13.5) (Schulte-van Maaren et al., 2013), 16.7% of participants reported clinical depressive symptoms, which was comparable to the prevalence rate in general adolescent samples worldwide (20%; p > 0.05; Shorey et al., 2022).”
ResultInfluential
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“In fact, a number of studies have focused on adolescent MDD patients, including prevalence, treatment, relapse, risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidity (Avenevoli et al., 2015; Kennard et al., 2018; Ormel et al., 2015; Shorey et al., 2022).”
Background
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“Among adolescents, the one-year prevalence of depression is 8% and the lifetime prevalence of depression is 19% [2].”
Background
Neurodevelopmental signature of a transcriptome-based polygenic risk score for depression
Miles, A. E., Rashid, S. S., Santos, F. C. D., Clifford, K. P., Sibille, E. L., & Nikolova, Y. S. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116030 · Cited by 3
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Can infliximab serve as a new therapy for neuropsychiatric symptoms?
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Internal Consistency and Validity of a Short Spanish Version (10‐Items) of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children and Adolescents (CES‐DC)
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“Although these ﬁ gures of children at risk of depression may appear too high, they are similar to those reported by recent prevalence studies [10] that estimated a depressive symptom prevalence of 34 % and major depressive disorder and dys-thymia of 8 % and 4 % , respectively [55].”
PRKCB methylation: a potential biomarker of MDD with childhood chronic stress, a cross-sectional study in drug-naive, first-episode adolescent MDD
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The mediating role of systemic inflammation in the association between bedroom light at night and new-onset depressive symptoms among Chinese young adults: A prospective cohort study
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Building policy around the built environment for adolescent mental health
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“In a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on adolescent depression, Shorey and colleagues concluded that 34 % of adolescents globally were at risk of developing clinical depression (Shorey et al., 2022).”
Air Pollution’s Hidden Toll: Links Between Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Adolescent Depression
Waxman, M., & Manczak, E. M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21121663 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, rates of depression are higher among females, gender minorities, and individuals who hold racial or ethnic minoritized identities [38,39], with these differences believed to stem from systemic inequities and unequal exposure to stressors.”
Long-Term Vital Sign Tracking Study of Depression Patients Based on Wearable Devices
Jin, Y., & Huang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Crowd Science · doi:10.26599/ijcs.2024.9100044 · Cited by 3

Authors: Shorey, S., Ng, E. D., & Wong, C. H. J.
Affiliations: National University of Singapore (SG)
National University Hospital (SG)
Corresponding author: Shorey, Shefaly
ORCID: Shorey, Shefaly
Ng, Esperanza Debby
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-09-26
Volume: 61
Issue: 2
Pages: 287-305
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12333
OpenAlex: W3203726726
Cited by: 1,511
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 389 · 2025: 530 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 23.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, global prevalence, lifetime prevalence, point prevalence, gender differences, regional variation, temporal trends, depression screening, culturally sensitive interventions, mental health policy, adolescent mental health services, school-based mental health services, community mental health services
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence

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Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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