The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 167 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022
Open accessAbstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make‐up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population‐based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch‐tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p‐phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non‐professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU‐wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They are usually performed without anaesthesia, increase the likelihood of infections [267], and can cause hypersensitivities [268] and self-mutilation through excessive licking.”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [268]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Retracted article A case of Koebner phenomenon in a patient with tattoo to lips
Tammaro, A., Romano, I., Parisella, F. R., Persechino, F., & Persechino, S. (2016) · Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy · doi:10.1080/14764172.2016.1197401 · Cited by 4
RetractedBundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
(2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/103.1437-1588 · Cited by 11,769
Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: A national data set
Laumann, A. E., & Derick, A. J. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.026 · Cited by 583
Nanoparticles skin absorption: New aspects for a safety profile evaluation
Larese Filon, F., Mauro, M., Adami, G., Bovenzi, M., & Crosera, M. (2015) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.005 · Cited by 390
Recent Advances in Azo Dye Degrading Enzyme Research
Chen, H. (2006) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/138920306776359786 · Cited by 251
Titanium: a review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity
Fage, S. W., Muris, J., Jakobsen, S. S., & Thyssen, J. P. (2016) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/cod.12565 · Cited by 222
Epidemiology of Tattoos in Industrialized Countries
Kluger, N. (2015) · Current problems in dermatology · doi:10.1159/000369175 · Cited by 181
Self-citationUnveiling skin macrophage dynamics explains both tattoo persistence and strenuous removal
Barańska, A., Shawket, A., Jouve, M. J., Baratin, M., Malosse, C., Voluzan, O., Manh, T. V., FIORE, F., Bajénoff, M., Benaroch, P., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171608 · Cited by 176
Allergic Reactions to Tattoo Pigment after Laser Treatment
Ashinoff, R., Levine, V. J., & Soter, N. A. (1995) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1995.tb00175.x · Cited by 173
Klügl, I., Hiller, K., Landthaler, M., & Bäumler, W. (2010) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000292627 · Cited by 164
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Lehmann G, 1988, Tätowierungsfarbstoffe, Dermatosen, 36, 152
- 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00069.x · DOI
- ClarkMDT.Paints and pigments.https://www.academia.edu/6136008/X_Polymers_D_Paints_and_Pigments_1
- SchubertS.Allergens in tattoo inks. In: 2nd International Conference on Tattoo Safety Berlin; 2021.https://www.bfr-akademie.de/english/archive/2021/tattoo.html
- Johansen J, 2017, Allergy and Tattoos
- Steinbrecher I, 2004, Adverse reaction to the azo dye Pigment Red 170 in a tattoo, J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 2, 1007
- 10.1111/cod.13726 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rahaman, M. T., Pranta, A. D., Repon, M. R., Ahmed, M. S., & Islam, T. (2024) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100280 · Cited by 188
Lessons learned in a decade: Medical‐toxicological view of tattooing
Giulbudagian, M., Battisini, B., Bäumler, W., Rico, A. M. B., Bocca, B., Brungs, C., Famele, M., Foerster, M., Gutsche, B., Houben, V., et al. (2024) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.20072 · Cited by 38
Self-citationBioactive component integrated textiles: A promising source of medicine and healthcare
Ghosh, J., Repon, M. R., Pranta, A. D., Rupanty, N. S., Khan, F., & Noor, T. (2025) · Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics · doi:10.1177/15589250241308561 · Cited by 39
Capucetti, A., Falivene, J., Pizzichetti, C., Latino, I., Mazzucchelli, L., Schacht, V., Hauri, U., Raimondi, A., Virgilio, T., Pulfer, A., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2510392122 · Cited by 22
Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding
Menor-Campos, D. J. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14050756 · Cited by 20
“They are usually performed without anaesthesia, increase the likelihood of infections [267], and can cause hypersensitivities [268] and self-mutilation through excessive licking.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schubert, S., Kluger, N., & Schreiver, I.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schubert, Steffen
- Venue
- Contact Dermatitis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-02-20
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 331-350
- ISSN
- 0105-1873 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0536
- OpenAlex
- W4320032477
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Contact Dermatitis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
- Keywords
- patch testing, haptenization, metal sensitization, carbon black, p-phenylenediamine, textile dyes, ink binders, biocides, tape stripping, eczematous reaction, tattoo complications
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Coloring Agents, Humans, Inflammation, Ink, Metals, Tattooing, Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/cod.14291
- The paper
- Schubert, S., Kluger, N., & Schreiver, I. (2023). Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022. Contact Dermatitis. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14291
