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Cited by 305Diabetes Treatment and ManagementPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentDiabetes Management and Research

Review of head‐to‐head comparisons of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists

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Madsbad, Sten·2016·Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
DOI 10.1111/dom.12596PMC PMC5064617
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Abstract

Currently, six glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists ( GLP‐1RAs ) are approved for treating type 2 diabetes. These fall into two classes based on their receptor activation: short‐acting exenatide twice daily and lixisenatide once daily; and longer‐acting liraglutide once daily, exenatide once weekly, albiglutide once weekly and dulaglutide once weekly. The phase III trial of a seventh GLP‐1RA , taspoglutide once weekly, was stopped because of unacceptable adverse events ( AEs ). Nine phase III head‐to‐head trials and one large phase II study have compared the efficacy and safety of these seven GLP‐1RAs . All trials were associated with notable reductions in glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) levels, although liraglutide led to greater decreases than exenatide formulations and albiglutide, and HbA1c reductions did not differ between liraglutide and dulaglutide. As the short‐acting GLP‐1RAs delay gastric emptying, they have greater effects on postprandial glucose levels than the longer‐acting agents, whereas the longer‐acting compounds reduced plasma glucose throughout the 24‐h period studied. Liraglutide was associated with weight reductions similar to those with exenatide twice daily but greater than those with exenatide once weekly, albiglutide and dulaglutide. The most frequently observed AEs with GLP‐1RAs were gastrointestinal disorders, particularly nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Nauseaoccurred less frequently, however, with exenatide once weekly and albiglutide than exenatide twice daily and liraglutide. Both exenatide formulations and albiglutide may be associated with higher incidences of injection‐site reactions than liraglutide and dulaglutide. GLP‐1RA use in clinical practice should be customized for individual patients, based on clinical profile and patient preference. Ongoing assessments of novel GLP‐1RAs and delivery methods may further expand future treatment options.

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  • Liraglutide's lower molecular weight, shorter half-life, partial biliary metabolism and excretion, and stronger weight-reducing effect may contribute to a higher incidence of hepatobiliary adverse events.

    “Liraglutide has a significantly lower molecular weight than dulaglutide (3.8 kDa albumin binding heptamer vs. 59.7 kDa immunoglobulin G4-fusion molecule), a shorter half-life (11–15 hours vs. 5 days), is partially metabolized and excreted via the biliary route, and exerts a stronger weight-reducing effect; these factors may contribute to a higher incidence of hepatobiliary adverse events [2,37].”

    From Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

    Table 1 (Characteristics of GLP-1RAs; page unavailable) supports the stated half-lives and describes liraglutide’s albumin binding and heptamer formation versus dulaglutide’s IgG4 fusion, but it does not give the stated molecular weights. Effects on Weight (page unavailable) reports greater weight loss with liraglutide than dulaglutide. The passages found do not support biliary metabolism or excretion, or the proposed link between these factors and a higher incidence of hepatobiliary adverse events. (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • GLP-1ra enhance glycaemic control by stimulating insulin secretion and by a glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon release.

    “GLP-1ra enhance glycaemic control by stimulating insulin secretion and by a glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon release (56)”

    From Transforming body composition with semaglutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2024) · cites this paper as [56]

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Authors
Madsbad, S.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Madsbad, Sten
ORCID
Madsbad, Sten
Venue
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-12-29
Volume
18
Issue
4
Pages
317-332
ISSN
  • 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
  • 1463-1326
DOI
10.1111/dom.12596
PMC
PMC5064617
OpenAlex
W2196942236
Cited by
305
References
98
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2014: 1
FWCI
29.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Novo Nordisk
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
GLP-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes, liraglutide, exenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, HbA1c, postprandial blood glucose, weight loss, gastrointestinal adverse effects, nausea, injection site reactions
MeSH terms
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Administration Schedule, Drug Therapy, Combination, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Early Termination of Clinical Trials

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