Directionality of the Association Between Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Longitudinal Investigation1
Abstract
This study examined the nature of the association between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among 2,249 male veterans of the 1990‐1991 Gulf War. Using structural equation modeling, a cross‐lagged panel analysis indicated a strong negative relationship between PTSD at Time 1 and social support at Time 2, while social support at Time 1 did not predict PTSD at Time 2. Findings suggest that, over time, interpersonal problems associated with PTSD may have a detrimental influence on the quality and quantity of available social support resources. It is recommended that greater focus be placed on the interpersonal skills of those suffering from PTSD.
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress-including avoidance, anxiety, irritability, anger, and shame-often result in social withdrawal and isolation, such as cutting off from family.
“Furthermore, post-traumatic stress symptoms, which include avoidance, anxiety, irritability, anger, and shame, among others, tend to lead to social withdrawal and isolation including disconnecting from family (e.g., King et al., 2006).”
From The protective effects of social support and family functioning on parenting stress among Hispanic/Latino/a American immigrant parents with traumatic life experiences: A mediation analysis (2023) · cites this paper as King et al., 2006
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References 40 · Cited by 249
- Authors
- King, D. W., Taft, C., King, L. A., Hammond, C., & Stone, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Daniel W.
- ORCID
- Taft, Casey
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-11-14
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2980-2992
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2125113386
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- social support, post-traumatic stress disorder, Gulf War veterans, interpersonal problems, veterans' mental health, social skills
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