The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pharmaceutical innovation by the seven UK‐owned pharmaceutical companies (1964‐1985).
Open accessAbstract
1 A total of three hundred and nineteen new chemical entities (NCEs) were investigated in man for the first time between 1964 and 1985 by seven UK‐owned pharmaceutical companies. The majority (96.2%), were self‐originated by the UK company or one of its overseas subsidiaries. 2 There was an increase in the number of NCEs investigated each year in man, doubling from an average of 12 per year up to 1980, to over 20 per year between 1981 and 1985. The majority of first drug evaluations in human volunteers were carried out in the UK (92.2%), in contrast to evaluation of new medicines in patients, where 42.9% were first tested outside the UK. 3 The majority of NCEs evaluated in man (78%), were in four therapeutic classes: anti‐infectives (32%), anti‐allergics (22%), drugs acting on the central nervous system (13%) and cardiovascular system agents (11%). 4 By the end of 1985, 49 (15.4%) of these NCEs had been marketed in the UK and 198 (62.0%) discontinued from further development. The main reasons for termination were inappropriate pharmacokinetics in man (39.4%), and lack of clinical efficacy (29.3%). 5 Average development times increased from less than 2 years between 1964 and 1965, to around 8 years in the 1980s with a consequent reduction in the effective patent life.
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“One of the main reasons associated with the termination of drug development is inappropriate pharmacokinetic (PK) properties in humans [1].”
From Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
New drug development in the United States, 1963 through 1984
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Drug innovation—what's slowing it down?
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A survey of products licensed in the United Kingdom from 1971‐1981.
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Chew, R., Smith, G. T., & Wells, N. E. J. (1985) · Monographs · Cited by 18
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Fluorine in medicinal chemistry
Purser, S., Moore, P. R., Swallow, S., & Gouverneur, V. (2007) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/b610213c · Cited by 7,678
Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals
Olson, H., Betton, G., Robinson, D., Thomas, K., Monro, A., Kolaja, G., Lilly, P., Sanders, J., Sipes, G., Bracken, W., et al. (2000) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1006/rtph.2000.1399 · Cited by 2,050
Cyclodextrin-based pharmaceutics: past, present and future
Davis, M. E., & Brewster, M. E. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1576 · Cited by 2,057
Prediction of Drug Absorption Using Multivariate Statistics
Egan, W. J., Merz, K. M., & Baldwin, J. J. (2000) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm000292e · Cited by 2,051
Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers
Brewster, M. E., & Loftsson, Þ. (2007) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.012 · Cited by 1,942
Metadata
- Authors
- Prentis, R., Lis, Y., & Walker, Sr.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1988-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 387-396
- ISSN
- 0306-5251 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2125
- PMC
- PMC1386364
- OpenAlex
- W2117753715
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Historical Medical Research and Treatments
- Keywords
- pharmaceutical innovation, new chemical entities, drug development, drug development time, patent life, drug discontinuation, anti-infective agents, antiallergic drugs, central nervous system drugs, cardiovascular drugs
- MeSH terms
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Drug Industry, United Kingdom, Humans, Research
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