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Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of ketamine and three major metabolites in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression
Open accessAbstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • (R,S)‐ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative that was initially developed as an anaesthetic agent and which is currently being studied in the treatment of pain and depression. After administration, the drug is extensively N‐demethylated to (R,S)‐norketamine. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine have been extensively studied in volunteers and patients after the administration of anaesthetic and sub‐anaesthetic doses. However, ketamine and norketamine are extensively transformed into a series of diastereomeric hydroxyketamines and hydroxynorketamines and (R,S)‐dehydronorketamine metabolites. The plasma kinetics of these metabolites have not been elucidated. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The current study expands the characterization of the disposition kinetics of (R,S)‐ketamine and (R,S)‐norketamine and presents a population pharmacokinetic analysis of (R)‐ketamine, (S)‐ketamine, (R)‐norketamine, (S)‐norketamine, (R)‐dehydronorketamine, (S)‐ dehydronorketamine and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine and the serum concentration–time profiles of multiple ketamine metabolites observed in the plasma of patients after a single 40 min infusion of a sub‐anaesthetic dose of the drug. The data demonstrate that while norketamine is an initial metabolite, it is not the major circulating metabolite and suggest that the determination of the downstream metabolites of ketamine may play a role in the pharmacological effects of the drug. AIM To construct a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model for ketamine (Ket), norketamine (norKet), dehydronorketamine (DHNK), hydroxynorketamine (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK) and hydroxyketamine (HK) in patients with treatment‐resistant bipolar depression. METHOD Plasma samples were collected at 40, 80, 110, 230 min on day 1, 2 and 3 in nine patients following a 40 min infusion of (R,S)‐Ket (0.5 mg kg−1) and analyzed for Ket, norKet and DHNK enantiomers and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK, (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HK and (2S,6R;2R,6S)‐HK. A compartmental popPK model was constructed that included all quantified analytes, and unknown parameters were estimated with an iterative two‐stage algorithm in ADAPT5. RESULTS Ket, norKet, DHNK and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK were present during the first 230 min post infusion and significant concentrations (>5 ng ml−1) were observed on day 1. Plasma concentrations of (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HK and (2S,6R;2R,6S)‐HK were below the limit of quantification. The average (S) : (R) plasma concentrations for Ket and DHNK were <1.0 while no significant enantioselectivity was observed for norKet. There were large inter‐patient variations in terminal half‐lives and relative metabolite concentrations; at 230 min (R,S)‐DHNK was the major metabolite in four out of nine patients, (R,S)‐norKet in three out of nine patients and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK in two out of nine patients. The final PK model included three compartments for (R,S)‐Ket, two compartments for (R,S)‐norKet and single compartments for DHNK and HNK. All PK profiles were well described, and parameters for (R,S)‐Ket and (R,S)‐norKet were in agreement with prior estimates. CONCLUSION This represents the first PK analysis of (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK and (R,S)‐DHNK. The results demonstrate that while norKet is the initial metabolite, it is not the main metabolite suggesting that future Ket studies should include the analysis of the major metabolites.
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“Norketamine, DHNK, and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK in particular are detected in human plasma as early as 40 minutes following an antidepressant dose of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg i.v. over 40 minutes) with the most abundant HNKs being (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK and (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HNK”
From Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants (2022) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2012
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Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhao, X., Venkata, S. L. V., Moaddel, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Brutsche, N. E., Ibrahim, L., Zarate Jr, C. A., Mager, D. E., & Wainer, I. W.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wainer, Irving W.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-07-10
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 304-314
- ISSN
- 0306-5251 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2125
- PMC
- PMC3630750
- OpenAlex
- W2158336114
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 57980, R01GM057980)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Keywords
- ketamine, norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxynorketamine, ketamine metabolites, population pharmacokinetic model, treatment-resistant bipolar depression, enantiomers, N-demethylation, plasma concentration-time curve, drug disposition kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Algorithms, Antidepressive Agents, Biotransformation, Bipolar Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Hydroxylation, Infusions, Parenteral, Ketamine, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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