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Sensory aroma from Maillard reaction of individual and combinations of amino acids with glucose in acidic conditions
Abstract
Summary: The aroma produced in glucose–amino acids (individual and in combination) Maillard reaction, under acidic conditions at 100 °C were determined and compared by trained panellist. Proline produced pleasant, flowery and fragrant aroma. Phenylalanine and tyrosine produced dried roses aroma. Alanine produced fruity and flowery odour, while aspartic acid and serine both produced pleasant, fruity aroma. Arginine, produced a pleasant, fruity and sour aroma at pH 5.2, but not at its natural pH. Glycine, lysine, threonine and valine produced a pleasant caramel‐like odour. Isoleucine and leucine gave off a burnt caramel aroma. Methionine developed a fried potato odour. Cysteine and methionine produced savoury, meaty and soy sauce‐like flavours. A combination of these amino acids produced different types of aroma, with the stronger note dominating the odour of the mixture. This study will help the prediction of flavour characteristics of hydrolysates from different protein sources.
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“Additionally, free amino acids can react with sugars in the raw materials to produce small-molecule flavor compounds and pigments [84].”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
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Ge, Y., Wu, Y., Aihaiti, A., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Xing, J., Zhu, M., & Hong, J. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13030477 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, K. H., Abdul Aziz, S., & Mohamed, S.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Mohamed, Suhaila
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Science & Technology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-08-08
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1512-1519
- ISSN
- 0950-5423 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2621
- OpenAlex
- W2119691534
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Potato Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Keywords
- Maillard reaction, amino acids, glucose, low pH, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, serine, L-arginine, glycine, lysine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, cysteine, protein hydrolysates, caramel aroma, meaty aroma
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- The paper
- Wong, K. H., Abdul Aziz, S., & Mohamed, S. (2008). Sensory aroma from Maillard reaction of individual and combinations of amino acids with glucose in acidic conditions. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01445.x