Cited by 624Simulation-Based Education in HealthcareClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic SkillsInnovations in Medical Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps

Cook, David A, Triola, Marc M·2009·Medical Education

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03286.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Context The opposing forces of increased training expectations and reduced training resources have greatly impacted health professions education. Virtual patients (VPs), which take the form of interactive computer‐based clinical scenarios, may help to reconcile this paradox. Methods We summarise research on VPs, highlight the spectrum of potential variation and identify an agenda for future research. We also critically consider the role of VPs in the educational armamentarium. Results We propose that VPs’ most unique and cost‐effective function is to facilitate and assess the development of clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning in experts involves a non‐analytical process that matures through deliberate practice with multiple and varied clinical cases. Virtual patients are ideally suited to this task. Virtual patients can also be used in learner assessment, but scoring rubrics should emphasise non‐analytical clinical reasoning rather than completeness of information or algorithmic approaches. Potential variations in VP design are practically limitless, yet few studies have rigorously explored design issues. More research is needed to inform instructional design and curricular integration. Conclusions Virtual patients should be designed and used to promote clinical reasoning skills. More research is needed to inform how to effectively use VPs.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03286.x

Cites

64 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review
Barry Issenberg, S., Mcgaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R., Lee Gordon, D., & Scalese, R. J. (2005) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590500046924 · Cited by 3,966
Deliberate Practice and the Acquisition and Maintenance of Expert Performance in Medicine and Related Domains
Ericsson, K. A. (2004) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200410001-00022 · Cited by 2,988 · cited 2×
“Not only can VP cases illustrate multiple distinct presentations, 46 but deliberate practice 4 can be facilitated by sequencing cases to ensure an ideal case mix, structuring learning to develop constituent skills and reinforce knowledge structures 45 (i. e. considering alternative options, 47…”
Background
The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning
Mayer, R. E. (2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5643 · Cited by 2,321
Internet-Based Learning in the Health Professions
Cook, D., Levinson, A. J., Garside, S., Dupras, D. M., Erwin, P. J., & Montori, V. M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.10.1181 · Cited by 1,603
Self-citation
The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning
(2005) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819 · Cited by 1,595
Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends
Norman, G. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x · Cited by 1,018
Blueprints for complex learning: The 4C/ID-model
van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Clark, R. E., & de Croock, M. B. M. (2002) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504993 · Cited by 708
How expertise develops in medicine: knowledge encapsulation and illness script formation
Schmidt, H. G., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02915.x · Cited by 619
Scripts and clinical reasoning
Charlin, B., Boshuizen, H. P. A., Custers, E. J. F. M., & Feltovich, P. J. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02924.x · Cited by 444
The Research We Still Are Not Doing: An Agenda for the Study of Computer-Based Learning
Cook, D. A. (2005) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200506000-00005 · Cited by 289
Self-citation

Show all 65 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Association of American Medical Colleges, 2007, Effective Use of Educational Technology in Medical Education: Summary Report of the 2006 AAMC Colloquium on Educational Technology
10.1097/00001888-199311000-00018 · DOI
Harless WG, 1971, CASE: a computer‐aided simulation of the clinical encounter, J Med Educ, 46, 443
Krahn CG, 1986, Using an advance organiser to improve knowledge application by medical students in computer‐based clinical simulations, J Comput Base Instruct, 13, 71
Kumta SM, 2003, Fostering critical thinking skills through a web‐based tutorial programme for final year medical students – a randomised, controlled study, J Educ Multimed Hypermed, 12, 267
Case SM, 2001, Constructing Written Test Questions for the Basic and Clinical Sciences

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 623

Development of a Virtual Patient Nursing Model – toward sharable pedagogical designs in medical education
Georg, C., Jirwe, M., & Zary, N. (2012) · E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education
Examining and Comparing the Use of Technology in Medical Education in Egypt and the United States of America: A Literature Review
Shaaban, R. (2015)
Computer-Supported Teaching and Learning Systems in Medicine
Haag, M., & Fischer, M. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_64
Teaching with Technological Tools
Cook, D. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9066-6_10
Self-citation
Validity of a Virtual Reality-Based Clinical Case for Assessment of Clinical Competence
Roy, M. (2013) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Virtual patients for assessment of clinical reasoning
Forsberg, E. (2014) · Figshare
Development of a web based aboriginal virtual patient system for training medical students
Oladosu, J. B., Esan, A. O., Olabiyisi, S. O., Oyeleye, C. A., & Fagbola, T. M. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Adaptive Science & Technology · doi:10.1109/icastech.2014.7068107
Towards the development of a gold standard for authoring, introducing and sustaining virtual patients in multi-campus clinical education environments
Vassiliou, D., Arnrup, K., Broström, O., Evans, M., Ruiz, M., Hagwall, K., Henriksson, P., Sköld, M. C., Sejersen, R., & Zary, N. (2010) · Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
State of play of CME in Europe in 2014: proceedings from the Seventh Annual Meeting of the European CME Forum
Pozniak, E., & Flemming, R. (2015) · Journal of European CME · doi:10.3402/jecme.v4.27680
Web-based learning a systematic review of the variability of interventions
Nezamabadi, M., & Bastin, H. (2011) · Rāhburdhā-yi āmūzish dar ̒ulūm-i pizishkī
Simulation: A View into the Future of Education
Dev, P. (2015) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20765-0_19
Evaluation of a Self-Directed E-Learning Resource: Integrating Hauora Māori and Clinical Content for Undergraduate Medical Students
Armstrong, J. (2015) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Are Branched Narratives and Virtual Patient Models Acceptable Means of Reforming Case-based Learning?
Whelan, A. (2014) · University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine · doi:10.18192/uojm.v4i1.1034
Virtual Patients: Are We in a New Era?
Triola, M. M., & Cook, D. A. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318205c61b
Self-citation
Designing a Virtual Patient for Communication
Barnes, A., Gallimore, J. J., & Scott, R. P. (2010) · Advances in human factors and ergonomics series · doi:10.1201/ebk1439834978-c41
The development of a “virtual patient” case for the continuing professional education of dentists
Μπάκας, Ά., & Κοσιώνη, Α. (2016) · Διεθνές Συνέδριο για την Ανοικτή & εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση · doi:10.12681/icodl.666
A Model for Interprofessional Education Scalability and Sustainability
Djukic, M., Fulmer, T. T., Adams, J. G., Lee, S., & Triola, M. M. (2012)
Self-citation
The Effect of Virtual Simulation on the Development of Basic Counseling Skills, Self-Reported Immersion Experience, Self-Reported Counselor Self-Efficacy, and Self-Reported Anxiety of Counselors-in-Training
Uwamahoro, O. (2015) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
The application of innovative virtual world technologies to enhance healthcare education
Patel, V. A. (2014) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/25270
An Evidence-Based Approach to Designing Virtual Patients
Collins, B. (2017) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)
Using Pervasive Computing for Sustainable Healthcare in an Aging Population
Wong, A. K. L., & Lo, M. F. (2017) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2633-9.ch010
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT An Online Virtual-Patient Program to Teach Pharmacists and Pharmacy Students How to Provide Diabetes-Specific Medication Therapy Management
Battaglia, J. N., Kieser, M. A., Bruskiewitz, R. H., Pitterle, M. E., & Thorpe, J. M. (2011)
Análise do uso de simuladores de pacientes virtuais por estudantes de Medicina
Barroso, C. R. D., Gomes, L. S., Silvestre, V. A., dos Santos, R. T., & Utagawa, C. Y. (2018) · Cadernos UniFOA · doi:10.47385/cadunifoa.v13.n36.1395
Turk Talk: human-machine hybrid virtual scenarios for professional education
Cullen, M., Sharma, N., & Topps, D. (2018) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.15694/mep.2018.0000266.1
Evaluation of an interactive e-learning module “Toothache Clinic” for delivering information on dental pain: a prospective cohort study
Giraki, M., Kann, M., Parvini, P., Obreja, K., Zahn, T., Rüttermann, S., & Gerhardt‐Szép, S. (2018) · Open Journal of Pain Medicine · doi:10.17352/ojpm.000009
Review article: New directions in medical education related to anesthesiology and perioperative medicine Article de synthese: Nouvelles orientations en formation medicale liees al'anesthesiologie et ala medecine perioperatoire
Bould, M. D., Naik, N., & Hamstra, S. J. (2012)
Review article: Simulation in anesthesia: state of the science and looking forward Article de synthese: La simulation en anesthesie: etat de la science et perspectives d'avenir
LeBlanc, V. R. (2012)
Simulation en santé, état des lieux actuel et impact futur en physiothérapie
Overbergh, P. V., & Bellemare, P. (2019) · ArODES (HES-SO (https://www.hes-so.ch/)) · doi:10.1016/s1283-0887(19)73522-1
The different dimensions of widening access to virtual scenarios in the WAVES project
Kononowicz, A. A., Woodham, L. A., & Kavia, S. (2017) · e-mentor · doi:10.15219/em70.1301
Exploring the impact of virtual patient design : medical students' small group learning around medical error
Woodham, L. A. (2020) · Figshare
Virtual Patients and Clinical Decision-making Skills: How Students Learn to Diagnose Depending on Their Psychological CharacteristicsPreprint
Zalewski, B., Walkiewicz, M., & Guziak, M. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37020/v1
Advantages and disadvantages of digital technologies in dental medicine education
Djendov, D., & Georgieva, G. (2021) · Varna Medical Forum · doi:10.14748/vmf.v10i2.7912
How video cases in preparatory teaching influence students’ approaches to patients in psychiatric clerkship. A qualitative study.Preprint
Pedersen, K. S., Mørcke, A. M., Paltved, C., Mors, O. N., & Ringsted, C. V. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.20043/v1
Petrha+
Macedo, R., Silva, C., Albouy, B., Juan, A. F. S., & Pystynen, T. (2021) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8089-9.ch007
SASC: A Simple Approach to Synthetic Cohorts for Generating Longitudinal Observational Patient Cohorts from COVID-19 Clinical DataPreprint
Khorchani, T., Gadiya, Y., Witt, G., Lanzillotta, D., Claussen, C., & Zaliani, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3942844
Mapping Trends and Hot-spots of Virtual Simulation Research in Nursing: a Bibliometric AnalysisPreprint
Zhang, Q., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1038858/v1
Using virtual patient to assess primary health workers' competence to detect postpartum depression in Hunan, China.
Zhang, C., Jin, X., Luo, D., Xu, D. R., Liao, J., & Gong, W. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.210139
Faculty perceptions and use of e-learning resources for medical education and future predictions: a cross sectional studyPreprint
Kim, K., Kim, G., & Kang, Y. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1468837/v1
Integration of multimedia components into the models of treatment and diagnostic process in patients and clinical diagnostic tasks in cardiology
Karas, S. I., Zavadovsky, K. V., Шелковникова, Т. А., Мильевич, Г. В., Baev, A. E., Харисович, В. В., Grakova, E. V., Вячеславовна, Б. М., & Кара-Сал, Э. Э. (2022) · Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины · doi:10.29001/2073-8552-2022-37-1-170-177
Mapping Trends and Hot-spots of Virtual Simulation Research in Nursing: A Bibliometric AnalysisPreprint
Zhang, Q., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1038858/v2
Learner Acceptance of Using Virtual Patient Encounters to Train Foreign Healthcare Professionals in Swedish
Fors, U., & Courteille, O. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2237-9.ch016
An ontology-based, model-driven approach for dialogue simulation underlining communication skills in medical consultation (Preprint)Preprint
Singer, N., Guo, J., & Bastide, R. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.10294
Harena System for medical training
Mota, M. F. D. M. (2020) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2020.1129306
Teorias da carga cognitiva e da auto determinação como modelos conceituais para o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de ensino virtual de emergências clínicas
Grangeia, T. D. A. G. (2016) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2016.979377
Standardized Patients
Gardner, R. (2019) · Comprehensive healthcare simulation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26849-7_10
Technologiegestütztes Lehren und Lernen in der Medizin
Haag, M., & Fischer, M. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45538-8_46-1
E-Learning in Health: Investigation of Technology Acceptance and Usage of Family Physicians According to Demographic Factors
Semiz, T., & YILDIZ, G. (2023) · Journal of Innovative Healthcare Practices · doi:10.58770/joinihp.1343820
Virtual Patient Platform and Data Space for Sharing, Learning, Discussing, and Researching
Santanchè, A., Mattosinho, H. S., Mota, M. F. D. M., Pantoja, F. L., Leite, G. D. F., Tonelli, A. C., Valente, F. S., Martins, J. D. C. S., Queirós, S., Grangeia, T. D. A. G., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on eScience · doi:10.1109/e-science58273.2023.10254792
Implementation of Design Principles for Virtual Patient Simulation in Interprofessional Education
Sumunar, D. S. E. W., Stathakarou, N., Kononowicz, A. A., & Karlgren, K. (2023) · Springer Proceedings in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4573-3_16
TEACHING METHODS FOR MEDICAL PRACTICE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Hulya, G. U. C. (2023) · doi:10.59287/umeha.802
PERSPECTIVES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
Пашковський, В., Pashkovska, N. V., & Царик, І. (2023) · SWorldJournal · doi:10.30888/2663-5712.2023-20-02-018
Guided student-authored virtual patients for learning medical prognosis
Mattosinho, H. S. (2022) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2022.1242951
Acceptance of Virtual Patients as a Continuous Professional Development Approach among Practicing Nurses in Primary Health Care Settings in a Low-Income Country: A quasi-experimental studyPreprint
Nyiringango, G., Fors, U., Tumusiime, D. K., & Forsberg, E. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121836/v1
A Mathematical Model Based on Stratifying the Severity of Medical Errors for Building Scenarios for Clinical Cases With Branching
Лопіна, Н. А. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58089
Generating virtual patient data for in silico clinical trials of medical devices during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatmentPreprint
Landoll, M., Huang, Y., Follegot, F., Straßmann, S. E., Steinseifer, U., Karagiannidis, C., & Neidlin, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.610823
Research on the Effectiveness of Medical Virtual Simulation Teaching Based on the Factor Analysis Method
Tang, L., & Shi, Z. (2024) · Occupation and professional education. · doi:10.62381/o242505
Açık ve Uzaktan Öğrenme Alanında Engellilik Çalışmalarının Analizi: 2020-2024
Çivril, H. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub567.c2307
Klinik Becerilerde Dijital Araç Kullanımı: Araştırma Literatürünün Bibliyometrik Haritalaması (2020-2024)
Yurdal, M. O., & Kıncal, R. Y. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub567.c2308
Tahmin Etme Stratejisinin Okuduğunu Anlama Becerisi Üzerine Etkisi
Ünal, M. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub567.c2311
Virtual simulation mobile application for teaching medical emergencies: attitudes and behaviours of postgraduate year one doctors and faculty
Ng, A. P. Y., Ng, N. B. H., Tan, M. Y., Wong, E. T. Y., Lee, S. S., Aziz, N. B. A., Chua, I. T. J. Y., Aw, M., Tan, M. K. X., Ho, J. Y., et al. (2025) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2024-014
Transcultural adaptation of the virtual patient integration rating scale: a factor analysis
Isaza-Restrepo, A., Buitrago-Ricaurte, N., Hernández, P., Ariza-Salamanca, D. F., Ibáñez‐Pinilla, M., & Vergel, J. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06571-z
Technology-enhanced learning in medical education in the age of artificial intelligence
Kim, K. (2025) · Forum for education studies. · doi:10.59400/fes2730 · Cited by 1
A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of E-Learning Versus Lecture Method of Teaching on the Knowledge of Student Nurses Regarding Nursing Modules on Stress in a Selected Nursing College in Mumbai
Sharma, N. (2025) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25mar1781
Exploratory research on the reform of diversified teaching methods in residency training education: a case study of orthopedics
Fang, D., An, S., Zou, Q., Liu, H.-Y., Jin, H., & Cheng, Q. (2025) · Global Medical Education · doi:10.1515/gme-2024-0030
A pressing imperative in health professions education: Rethinking competency assessment in competency-based education
Bashir, M. A. M. M. H. (2025) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.21082.1
A systematic review of methods for assessing clinical reasoning in nursing students
Salmani, N., & Bagheri, I. (2025) · Journal of Medical Education Development · doi:10.61882/edcj.18.2.129
Development and Implementation of a PBL-Based AI Clinical Case Repository for Self-Directed Learning in Endocrinology Education
刘, 瑞. (2025) · Advances in Education · doi:10.12677/ae.2025.15101873
Integration of Basic Science into Virtual Patient Cases to Enhance Clinical Reasoning Skills
Rombo, K., Borg, A., Georg, C., & Parodis, I. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16110950
Interactive Digital Narrative and Structured Debate for Learning Ethics
Nakazato, C. G., & Santanchè, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12408-1_22
Additional file 1 of Shaping future practices: German-speaking medical and dental students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence in healthcare
Fitzek, S., & Choi, K.-E. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26758306
Additional file 1 of Virtual patients versus standardized patients for improving clinical reasoning skills in ophthalmology residents. A randomized controlled trial
Malik, T. G., Mahboob, U., Khan, R. A., & Alam, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26709881
Additional file 1 of “It kinda helped us to be there”: students’ perspectives on the use of virtual patient software in psychiatry posting
Woon, L. S., Daud, T. I. M., & Tong, S. F. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24540728
Additional file 1 of Perception of enhanced learning in medicine through integrating of virtual patients: an exploratory study on knowledge acquisition and transfer
Li, Z., Asoodar, M., de Jong, N., Keulers, T. G., Liu, X., & Dolmans, D. H. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26011770
Additional file 1 of The effectiveness of using virtual patient educational tools to improve medical students’ clinical reasoning skills: a systematic review
Plackett, R., Kassianos, A. P., Mylan, S., Kambouri, M. A., Raine, R., & Sheringham, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19759799
Additional file 1 of Virtual versus paper-based PBL in a pulmonology course for medical undergraduates
ElNaga, H. H. A., Ahmed, M. B., Fathi, M., & Eissa, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596823
Additional file 3 of The effectiveness of using virtual patient educational tools to improve medical students’ clinical reasoning skills: a systematic review
Plackett, R., Kassianos, A. P., Mylan, S., Kambouri, M. A., Raine, R., & Sheringham, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19759805
Additional file 2 of Perception of enhanced learning in medicine through integrating of virtual patients: an exploratory study on knowledge acquisition and transfer
Li, Z., Asoodar, M., de Jong, N., Keulers, T. G., Liu, X., & Dolmans, D. H. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26012002
Additional file 2 of The effectiveness of using virtual patient educational tools to improve medical students’ clinical reasoning skills: a systematic review
Plackett, R., Kassianos, A. P., Mylan, S., Kambouri, M. A., Raine, R., & Sheringham, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19759802
Additional file 3 of Perception of enhanced learning in medicine through integrating of virtual patients: an exploratory study on knowledge acquisition and transfer
Li, Z., Asoodar, M., de Jong, N., Keulers, T. G., Liu, X., & Dolmans, D. H. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26732230
Additional file 4 of Perception of enhanced learning in medicine through integrating of virtual patients: an exploratory study on knowledge acquisition and transfer
Li, Z., Asoodar, M., de Jong, N., Keulers, T. G., Liu, X., & Dolmans, D. H. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26732233
Clinical Avatar for Nerve Diagnosis and Instruction (CANDi): A Serious Game for Cranial Nerve Examination Training
Hta, A. C. Z., Campion, S., Meyer, G., Rothwell, C., & Smith, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11043-5_45
Exploring the potential of gamified virtual patients for military trauma care training: a systematic text condensation analysis
Stathakarou, N., Kononowicz, A. A., Harjani, M. G., Reshetukha, D., Mattsson, E., & Karlgren, K. (2026) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2026.113020
The Lag in Adoption of Educational Innovations in Medical Education: Challenges and Opportunities: A Narrative Review
El-Mardi, A., Mahdi, T. A. S. A., Ansar, A., & Fahal, A. H. (2026) · Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.18502/sjms.v20i4.18088
"A Safe First Step": Design and Evaluation of an Emotionally Expressive AI Virtual Patient for Clinical Simulation in Speech-Language Pathology TrainingPreprint
Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Watanabe, B., Gao, M., Qin, Z., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., Shambanna, S., Xue, Z., Zou, T., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8588902/v1
Innovating ophthalmology education with virtual patient cases: evidence and opportunities
Kanavos, T., & Birbas, E. (2026) · Global Medical Education · doi:10.1515/gme-2025-0025
Effectiveness of virtual patient-based stepwise training on the history-taking ability of nursing undergraduates: a multi-center, non-concurrent controlled study
Du, J., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Zhu, X., Zhao, J., & Li, K. (2026) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2026.107041
Association Between Voluntary Engagement with LLM-Powered Virtual Standardized Patients and Medical Students’ Clinical Interview Performance: Retrospective Observational Study (Preprint)Preprint
Gao, X., Feng, J., Duan, L. F., Wang, L., Xu, H., Sun, X., & Huang, X. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.94401
Optimizing Multidisciplinary Neurotraumatology Education in Thailand: Aptitude-Dependent Outcomes in Virtual Patient Simulation in Collaboration with the Academy for Multidisciplinary Neurotraumatology.
Boontoterm, P., Sakoolnamarka, S., Nakla-or, P., Urasyanandana, K., Fuengfoo, P., Muresanu, D. F., Matula, C., & Lackner, P. (2026) · Asian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0046-1819606
Apprentissage par simulation et activité du formateur : comment le travail avec un simulateur d'accouchement interactif a-t-il développé l'activité d'une enseignante en maïeutique?
Courtin, V. (2015) · doi:10.70675/cac5121fz1810z4c01z9a34z411be4f9db24
Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Novel Low-Cost, High Anatomical Fidelity 3D-Printed Tracheostomy Care Simulation Model in Rwanda
Patel, N., Pullakhandam, K., Cahill, G. L., Drapeau, S., Bukuru, J., Nteyumwete, H., Hakizimana, A., Kamaliza, A. M., Shaye, D. A., Nkurunziza, C., et al. (2026) · Tracheostomy Official Journal of the Global Tracheostomy Collaborative · doi:10.62905/001c.155768
Environnement virtuel multi-joueurs temps-réel pour la formation à la gestion des risques : communication et prise de décision
Lelardeux, C. P. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/cf505791z370cz4582z8535z4d44273336c6
Élaboration et validation d'une base de données haute résolution destinée à la calibration d'un patient virtuel utilisable pour l'enseignement et la prise en charge personnalisée des patients en réanimation pédiatrique
Brossier, D. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2680404bz62a2z42e1z8eb1z2cbd91374fab
Effect of desktop virtual patient simulation on clinical reasoning skills of nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhao, L., Yan, H., Liu, L., Zhou, R., Yang, Y., Li, K., Wan, F., & Li, Y. (2026) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2026.104822 · Cited by 4
L'Introduction de la simulation Haute fidélité dans l'apprentissage du raisonnement clinique infirmier
Hoyelle-Pierre, S. (2020) · doi:10.70675/eed11fbfz77ddz4010za1e7zee5584450061
Influence de l'intolérance à l'incertitude sur la prise de décision dans le domaine de la santé
Brun, C. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9f3530c6z1d12z46a9zb67ezc5188fa3b55e
Données de santé, dynamiques et enjeux de souveraineté
Pinilla, E. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/267dba09z6c05z4a5dz830ezd278df3e3fa1
"It Talks Like a Patient, But Feels Different": Co-Designing AI Standardized Patients with Medical Learners
Gao, Z., Zhu, G., Luo, H., Pan, D. P., Tang, H., Zhang, B., Pei, J., Li, J., & Wang, B. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798336 · Cited by 1
"I Wouldn't Really Use It as a Practice Tool": Understanding Medical Students’ Perspectives and Needs on LLM-Enhanced Clinical Skills Training
Huang, Y., Liu, C., Cai, Y., Xu, L., Hou, Y., & Fan, M. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790322
User Acceptance of a Medical Learning System – A Longitudinal Mixed-Methods Study on Initial and Continued Use
Walldén, S., & Raisamo, R. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2653211 · Cited by 1
From cultural competence to cross-cultural fluency: a framework for transnational medical education in an era of global health workforce mobility
Mohiyeddini, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1809667

Authors: Cook, D. A., & Triola, M. M.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Cook, David A
ORCID: Cook, David A
Triola, Marc M
Venue: Medical Education
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-03-18
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 303-311
ISSN: 0308-0110 (ISSN-L)
1365-2923
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03286.x
OpenAlex: W2036488299
Cited by: 624
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 3.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Medical Education (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
Keywords: virtual patients, clinical reasoning, clinical reasoning assessment, student assessment, rubric development, instructional design, curriculum integration, health professions education, deliberate practice, training materials
MeSH terms: Clinical Competence, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Education, Medical, Undergraduate, Educational Measurement, Humans, Patient Simulation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks