Reversible Inhibitory Effects of Interferon‐γ and Tumour Necrosis Factor‐α on Oligodendroglial Lineage Cell Proliferation and Differentiation In Vitro

Abstract

We have investigated the effects of the two prominent inflammatory cytokines, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), on oligodendroglial lineage cell development and survival. Purified oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors obtained from neonatal rat brain primary cultures were subcultured in a defined, serum‐free medium and exposed to IFN‐γ (1‐100 U/ml), TNF‐α (25‐100 ng/ml) or both (100 U/ml and 50 ng/ml respectively) from day 1 to day 3 or from day 3 to day 6. While cell survival was not affected in any of the conditions tested, IFN‐γ dose‐dependently inhibited [3 H]thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (by up to 50%) and the reduction of the tetrazolium salt 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; by up to 33%). TNF‐α synergized with IFN‐γ, but was ineffective by itself. Moreover, IFN‐γ totally antagonized the induction by basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor of the proliferation of the oligodendroglial lineage cell population under study. IFN‐γ also blocked the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors, as evidenced by cell morphology, immunostaining for early and late differentiation markers (galactocerebroside and myelin basic protein respectively) and activity of ceramide galactosyl transferase. Again, the effect of IFN‐γ was potentiated by TNF‐α, which was ineffective when tested alone. The inhibitory activity of IFN‐γ was rapidly reversible: 3 days after removal of the cytokine, administered from day 1 to day 3, complete recovery of cell proliferation and differentiation could be documented. The cytokine‐induced arrest in the expression of differentiation antigens was accompanied by perturbations in the expression of the corresponding mRNAs, revealed by a semiquantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction method. In particular, the message for myelin basic protein (and, in the case of treatment from days 3 to 6, also that for myelin associated glycoprotein) was decreased in cultures exposed to IFN‐γ, and further depressed in cultures treated with IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, while TNF‐α alone was ineffective. The above observations may help explain the role of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, in which increases in the levels of these substances have been described. In particular, in the case of multiple sclerosis, our results may bear on the problem of defective remyelination and are consistent with the frequent relapsing‐remitting course of the disease.