The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Predicting diabetes distress in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: Diabetes distress (DD) is a condition distinct from depression that is related to diabetes outcomes. In those without distress initially, little is known about what indicators place patients at risk for subsequent distress over time. METHODS: From a community-based, three-wave, 18-month study of Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 506), we identified patients with no DD at T1 who displayed DD at T2, T3 or both (n = 57). Using logistic regression with full and trimmed models, we compared them with patients with no DD at all three time points (n = 275) on three blocks of variables: patient characteristics (demographics, depression, extra-disease stress), biological (HbA(1c), body mass index, comorbidities, complications, blood pressure, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), and behavioural variables (diet, exercise). Selected interactions with stress and major depressive disorder (MDD) were explored. RESULTS: The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having had MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise. Negative life events increased the negative effects of both high HbA(1c) and high complications on the emergence of distress over time. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a list of significant, independent direct and interactive predictors of high DD that can be used for patient screening to identify this high-risk patient cohort. Given the impact of high DD on diabetes behavioural and biological indicators, the findings suggest the usefulness of regularly appraising both current life and disease-related stressors in clinical care.
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Claims the paper makes
17 Own result · 6 Not checked yet · 5 Own method · 4 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects of NLE on +DD were greater in men than women and in those without than with recent MDD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Exploratory Analyses of Interactions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for the other characteristics, the odds of becoming distressed over time were higher among younger patients, those with less education, women, Caucasians, those with previous MDD, and those experiencing NLE and/or chronic stress.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Predictors of +DD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
“Combining the results from all analyses, the odds of reaching +DD during the 18 months following initial assessment were most consistently associated with: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“We identified a core group of variables that, across analyses, were consistently predictive of +DD, with ROC statistics indicating good discriminability between groups: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
“Combining the results from all analyses, the odds of reaching +DD during the 18 months following initial assessment were most consistently associated with: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“We identified a core group of variables that, across analyses, were consistently predictive of +DD, with ROC statistics indicating good discriminability between groups: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
“Combining the results from all analyses, the odds of reaching +DD during the 18 months following initial assessment were most consistently associated with: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“We identified a core group of variables that, across analyses, were consistently predictive of +DD, with ROC statistics indicating good discriminability between groups: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects of NLE on +DD were greater in men than women and in those without than with recent MDD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Exploratory Analyses of Interactions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Negative life events increased the negative effects of both high HbA1c and high complications on the emergence of distress over time.”
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses of Interactions · plain
“For the HbA1c and complications terms, higher NLE enhanced the relationship between each variable and the emergence of +DD.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“For example, NLE increases the negative effects of both higher HbA1c and higher complications on +DD, such that NLE has a greater negative effect for patients who experience a more severe disorder.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses of Interactions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remainder (275 patients) retained their low DD scores at the two subsequent study waves (−DD).”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS
plainn = 275- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for the other characteristics, the odds of becoming distressed over time were higher among younger patients, those with less education, women, Caucasians, those with previous MDD, and those experiencing NLE and/or chronic stress.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Predictors of +DD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
“Combining the results from all analyses, the odds of reaching +DD during the 18 months following initial assessment were most consistently associated with: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“We identified a core group of variables that, across analyses, were consistently predictive of +DD, with ROC statistics indicating good discriminability between groups: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, previous MDD qualified the relationship between time since diagnosis and the emergence of +DD over time. Among those with no MDD, those who had diabetes longer were less likely to reach criteria for +DD; among those with a recent episode of MDD, those with diabetes longer were somewhat more likely to reach criteria for +DD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Exploratory Analyses of Interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds of becoming distressed over time were higher for being female, previously having MDD, experiencing more negative events or more chronic stress, having more complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
“Combining the results from all analyses, the odds of reaching +DD during the 18 months following initial assessment were most consistently associated with: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“We identified a core group of variables that, across analyses, were consistently predictive of +DD, with ROC statistics indicating good discriminability between groups: being female, having MDD during the previous year, experiencing more NLE and more chronic stress, having high numbers of complications, and having poor diet and low exercise.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Predictors of +DD · plain
In the paper
“MDD was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 4 a structured clinical interview.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 10 variables that approached or reached statistical significance in the general, biological and behavioural analyses, 8 continued to reach or approach significance in the combined analysis, and the ORs remained similar across models.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Predictors of +DD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the analyses indicated a significant relationship between diabetes distress, HbA1c and several disease management measures, whereas no significant relationships were found in controlled analyses among MDD, depressive affect and these variables 1,3.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DD was assessed by the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS),10, 11 a 17-item questionnaire (alpha = 0.93), with a mean-item score of ≥ 3 (moderate distress, 1–5 response scale) used as the distress cut-point 12.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It appears that the stresses associated with having significant complications, the demands of NLE and non disease-related chronic stress, the difficulties of effectively managing diet and exercise, and the burdens posed by a recent episode of MDD each contribute independently to +DD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each model, the ROC statistics indicated adequate fit and excellent discrimination (e.g., trimmed model AUC=.82).”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Predictors of +DD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We reported previously that the point prevalence of high DD was about 18% of patients in our diverse community sample, and that high DD, once it occurs, is a relatively persistent condition (3).”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar patterns emerge upon review of the exploratory analyses of interactions, such that both non diabetes-related stressors (NLE) and diabetes-related stressors (HbA1c, complications) magnify the effect of other conditions on +DD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No multicolinearity was detected in any model.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS > Predictors of +DD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences between completers vs. non completers occurred in only two of 28 comparisons: those who missed T2, T3 or both had longer duration of diabetes (r = 0.12, p = 0.01) and more often spoke Spanish than English (r = 0.09, p = 0.04).”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that not only do broader life context issues influence diabetes and its management directly, they may also interact with diabetes-specific factors, such as HbA1c and complications, to affect +DD.”
§ PREDICTING DIABETES DISTRESS in PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Early identification of patients with diabetes at risk for high DD can lead to subsequent screening and follow-up care that reduces the emergence of high DD over time.
“Early identification of patients with diabetes at risk for high DD can lead to subsequent screening and follow-up care to reduce the emergence of high DD over time.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Incorporating starting HbA1c levels from prior research in this population (1,26), and predicting differential HbA1c change over time of 0.5% between the two groups, we obtained a Cohen’s d=0.29.”
From Addressing emotional distress to improve outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes: Protocol for ACT1VATE randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“High levels of DD have been significantly associated with poor glycemic control, poor self-care, low diabetes self-efficacy, and poor quality-of-life, even after controlling for clinical depression (5).”
From When Is Diabetes Distress Clinically Meaningful? (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
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Navigating the Psychosocial Aspects in Diabetes
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, L., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., Glasgow, R. E., Arean, P., & Hessler, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, L.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 622-627
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- PMC
- PMC2740749
- OpenAlex
- W1972925040
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-061937, DK062732, R01DK061937, R01DK062732)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- diabetes distress, type 2 diabetes, risk factors, major depressive disorder, chronic stress, negative life events, HbA1c, diabetes complications, diet, physical activity, screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Diabetes Complications, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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