Cited by 334Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

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Transition to child care: associations with infant–mother attachment, infant negative emotion and cortisol elevations

Ahnert, Lieselotte, Gunnar, Megan R, Lamb, Michael E, Barthel, Martina·2004·Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x

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Abstract

Seventy 15-month-old infants were studied at home before starting child care, during adaptation (mothers present) and separation (first 9 days without mothers) phases, and 5 months later. Security of infant–mother attachment was assessed before and 3 months after child care began. In the separation phase, salivary cortisol rose over the first 60 min following the mothers' departures to levels that were 75% to 100% higher than at home. Compared with insecure infants, secure infants had markedly lower cortisol levels during the adaptation phase and higher fuss and cry levels during the separation phase, and their fuss and cry levels were significantly correlated with their cortisol levels. Attachments remained secure or became secure if mothers spent more days adapting their children to child care.

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Child Care in Times of COVID-19: Predictors of Distress in Dutch Children and Parents When Re-entering Center-Based Child Care After a 2-Month Lockdown
de Vet, S. M., Vrijhof, C. I., van der Veek, S., Pieplenbosch, J. M., van Bakel, H. J. A., & Vermeer, H. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718898 · Cited by 12
Reliability of Self-Reported Attachment Style in Patients With Severe Psychopathology
Picardi, A., Martinotti, G., Paci, M., Simi, C., & Caroppo, E. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.594128 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, research has uncovered associations between attachment insecurity and altered autonomic and endocrine reactivity to stress (Ahnert, Gunnar, Lamb, & Barthel, 2004 ; Feeney & Kirkpatrick, 1996 ) and decreased cellular immune function (Picardi et al, 2007 ).”
Background
Figurative Dream Analysis and U.S. Traveling Identities
Mageo, J. M. (2006) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.2006.34.4.456 · Cited by 13
Die Bindungstheorie
Ahnert, L., & Spangler, G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34805-1_16 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Child’s attachment to his/her mother, father and kindergarten teacher
Cugmas, Z. (2006) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430500504419 · Cited by 11
“, 2004 ), mothers are also encouraged to remain with their infants and toddlers in the child care settings during a transitional period to help them adapt before the first child care separation.”
Background
A Mixed Methods Investigation of Maternal Perspectives on Transition Experiences in Early Care and Education
Swartz, R. A., Speirs, K. E., Encinger, A. J., & McElwain, N. L. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1087777 · Cited by 11
Spatial Perspective on Everyday Transitions Within a Toddler Group Care Setting
Rutanen, N. (2017) · International perspectives on early childhood education and development · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3197-7_4 · Cited by 11
TODDLERS’ USE OF GESTURE AND SPEECH IN SERVICE OF EMOTION REGULATION DURING DISTRESSING ROUTINES
Konishi, H., Karsten, A., & Vallotton, C. D. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21740 · Cited by 10
Preschoolers’ emotion reactivity and regulation: Links with maternal psychological distress and child behavior problems
Tsotsi, S., Borelli, J. L., Backer, M., Veragoo, N., Abdulla, N., Tan, K. H., Chong, Y. S., Chen, H., Meaney, M. J., Broekman, B. F. P., et al. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000936 · Cited by 14
“For example, such buffering has been noted during the still-face phase of the still-face paradigm when mothers touched their infant while remaining unresponsive (Feldman et al., 2010), and in the process of initiating day care attendance (Ahnert et al., 2004).”
The Differential Role of Symptoms of Anxiety and Social Withdrawal in Chinese Children's Dependency on Their Teachers During the Transition to Nursery Care
Zhang, X. (2014) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2014.915675 · Cited by 10
“When starting to receive out-of-home care early in life, many children exhibit some degree of anxiety problems (e.g., separation anxiety, social anxiety; Ahnert et al., 2004; Reite & Field, 1985).”
Background
The role of early childhood personality in the developmental course of social adjustment
Kavčič, T., Podlešek, A., & Zupančič, M. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025412439183 · Cited by 10
“…the results of the present study may indicate that the late starters only exhibit temporary problems in adjustment to a novel developmental context (e.g., Ahnert et al., 2004; Zupančič & Kavčič, 2006), as they also more rapidly decrease in internalizing behavior than the early starters.”
Result
Motor activity and spatial proximity: Relationships to infant emotions and maternal postpartum depression
Egmose, I., Væver, M. S., Smith‐Nielsen, J., Varni, G., & Køppe, S. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101335 · Cited by 9
How toddlers new to child care become members of a classroom community
McDevitt, S. E., & Recchia, S. L. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1767607 · Cited by 9
Early Experience and Stress Regulation in Human Development
Gunnar, M. R., & Loman, M. M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975394.005 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
The role of maternal emotional states during pregnancy and early infancy on infant cortisol levels: A prospective study
Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., Arija, V., Jardí, C., Bedmar, C., & Canals, J. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2149 · Cited by 9
Children’s hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress at school: a follow-up study
Groeneveld, M. G., Savas, M., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Vermeer, H. J. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1725467 · Cited by 11
Adaptação à Creche e o Processo de Separação-Individuação: Reações dos Bebês e Sentimentos Parentais
Bossi, T. J., Soares, E., Lopes, R. D. C. S., & Piccinini, C. A. (2014) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2014.2.16283 · Cited by 9
‘Holding mind in mind’: the use of work discussion in facilitating early childcare (kindergarten) teachers’ capacity to mentalise
Hover-Reisner, N., Fürstaller, M., & Wininger, A. (2018) · Infant Observation · doi:10.1080/13698036.2018.1539339 · Cited by 9
Emotional security and daycare for babies and toddlers in social-political contexts: reflections of early years pioneers since the 1970s
Singer, E., & Wong, S. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1622539 · Cited by 13
“Ahnert and colleagues show that we have to continue being cautious for babies and stress in group settings, especially in the adjustment period of the child at daycare (Ahnert et al., 2004).”
Background
Temperament and risk for mood disorders in adolescents
Klein, D. N., Dougherty, L. R., Laptook, R. S., & Olino, T. M. (2008) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511551963.013 · Cited by 9
Demographic factors, temperament and the quality of the preschool environment as predictors of daily cortisol changes among Finnish six-year-old children
Sajaniemi, N. K., Suhonen, E., Hotulainen, R., Törmänen, M. R. K., Alijoki, A., Nislin, M. A., & Kontu, E. K. (2013) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2013.783303 · Cited by 10
“However, some studies have failed to find any associations between day care cortisol reactivity and temperament (Watamura, Sebanc, and Gunnar 2002; Ahnert et al. 2004).”
Background
Young children's cortisol levels at out-of-home child care: A meta-analysis
de Vet, S. M., Vrijhof, C. I., van der Veek, S., Linting, M., & Vermeer, H. J. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.12.015 · Cited by 8
Mother Schema, Obstetric Dilemma, and the Origin of Behavioral Modernity
Parncutt, R. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9120142 · Cited by 7
“The mother regulates the infant’s physiology [306] including the immune system [307], temperature, and emotional state.”
Background
Parental Problem Drinking is Associated with Children’s Adrenocortical Reactivity to Stress
Keller, P. S., Granger, D. A., Tyler, J., Gilbert, L. R., Haak, E. A., & Bi, S. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0118-6 · Cited by 8
Educating Pediatric Residents About Parenting: A Survey of Residency Program Leaders
Martin, A., Waksal, A., Lipton, L. R., Forman, J. A., Quinn, C. A., Benjamin, M. S., & Hammond, B. S. (2020) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922820908584 · Cited by 7
Chinese Children's Relationships with Mothers During the Transition to Nursery Care: Changes and Associations with Later Growth in Social Competence
Zhang, X. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21354 · Cited by 7
“Finally, all the observed effects were not moderated by the child’s gender and proved robust to inclusion of potential “third-variable causes” implicated in previous research (Ahnert et al., 2004; Zhang & Chen, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The quality of early infant‐caregiver relational attachment and longitudinal changes in infant inflammation across 6 months
Nelson, B. W., Bernstein, R. E., Allen, N. B., & Laurent, H. K. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21940 · Cited by 8
Childcare context and socio-emotional development in toddlers – a quantitative report from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Finland
Tervahartiala, K., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E., Seppälä, M., Autere, T.-A., Hakanen, H., Karlsson, H., Carter, A. S., Karlsson, L., & Korja, R. (2023) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2023.2234110 · Cited by 6
“According to previous research, both physiological (Ahnert et al. 2004; Bernard et al. 2015) and behavioral changes (Fein, Gariboldi, and Boni 1993) are typical when toddlers enter out-of-home, center-based childcare for the ﬁ rst time.”
Method
Do toddlers’ levels of cortisol and the perceptions of parents and professional caregivers tell the same story about transition from home to childcare? A mixed method study
Drugli, M. B., Nystad, K., Lydersen, S., & Brenne, A. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165788 · Cited by 8
“Separation from parents has been found to be associated with elevated cortisol levels in toddlers (Ahnert et al., 2004; Nystad et al., 2021) and on day 5, some toddlers seemed to prepare themselves for such a separation when they entered childcare in the morning.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Influences on School Transition
Harrison, L. J. (2013) · International perspectives on early childhood education and development · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7350-9_5 · Cited by 8
Fifteen-month-old infants’ cortisol levels decrease after a 30-min-warm-up procedure
Zmyj, N., Schneider, S., & Seehagen, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.010 · Cited by 7

Authors: Ahnert, L., Gunnar, M. R., Lamb, M. E., & Barthel, M.
Affiliations: Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
University of Minnesota (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Ahnert, Lieselotte
Gunnar, Megan R
Lamb, Michael E
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2004-05-01
Volume: 75
Issue: 3
Pages: 639-650
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
1467-8624
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x
OpenAlex: W2136352610
Cited by: 334
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 11.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 9 d)
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: infant-mother attachment, attachment security, cortisol, maternal separation, salivary cortisol
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Child, Child Care, Crying, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Saliva

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Transition to child care: associations with infant–mother attachment, infant negative emotion and cortisol elevations

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