KAMPUNG IMPROVEMENT IN THE SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CITIES OF CENTRAL JAVA

In the citing paper

“Footpaths and roads improved access to the rest of the city, and made efficient and quicker transport possible.”

In the citing paper

“This may be linked to implementation issues observed by authors: i.e. a delay in delivering the shared facilities during which time opportunities to install private slab toilets arose, and the lack of maintenance of installed services ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Cemented footpaths and roads were highly appreciated, toilets were adjudged as the second most important component by kampung residents and drains were deemed to be very essential ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: shared bath, laundry and latrine services were poorly used. Many residents instead installed private slab toilets and taps.”

In the citing paper

“Cemented footpaths and roads were highly appreciated, toilets were adjudged as the second most important component by kampung residents and drains were deemed to be very essential ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: examples were described of not locating facilities where they were needed most, siting them in areas that were impractical or did not consider gender (too far away for women to carry water home) and social class sensitivities (poorer residents ashamed to use facilities housed in affluent family’s yard) ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Flag holders were constructed along the paths for national celebrations and kampung gates constructed, reflecting heightened community identity ( Milone 1993 )”

In the citing paper

“This improved and quickened access to market, schools and to work all year round and in some instances, facilitated the establishment of small sidewalk enterprises ( Milone 1993 )”

In the citing paper

“Facilitator: latrines were only used by the absolute poor when they were sited in a secluded public area ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: poorly designed, implemented and dysfunctional drains ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: PAM (a water company) closed taps down as not enough fees were collected to cover the water they dispersed. User groups cited inability to pay user fees on a sustained basis ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: solid waste disposal boxes were unsuccessful because the cities did not have the capacity to pick up rubbish from the sampah boxes on a regular basis. This was partly because a subproject had not yet been implemented ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Cemented footpaths and roads were highly appreciated, toilets were adjudged as the second most important component by kampung residents and drains were deemed to be very essential ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Residents often said that paved paths increased security, as residents had at their own expense installed lighting along the footpaths ( Milone 1993 )”

In the citing paper

“Barrier: no system developed for maintaining the taps or keeping the drains or public latrines. So a majority of residents objected to having the public baths, laundry and latrine facilities nearby due to the bad odour ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“Global agencies commonly provided financial assistance, including the World Bank (Aiga 2002), Asian Development Bank (Milone 1993), UK government overseas departments (Abelson 1996) and the United Nations (De Leon 1986).”

In the citing paper

“In kampungs where drains were kept clean it was due to effective leadership of the kepala Rukka Warga (community) kepala Rukka Tetanga (neighbourhoods within), and policy setting by the Lurah (leadership of the overall village) ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“A degree of self‐help was stimulated: residents in some kampungs cemented over the centre earth dividers of the footpaths in front or alongside their property and cemented the earth on each side of the footpaths as well ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“In some kampungs paths were valued as safe pedestrian thoroughfares ‐ to the extent residents constructed barriers to prevent vehicle entry ( Milone 1993 ).”

In the citing paper

“The remaining studies did not clearly report the follow‐up period following the intervention delivery (Abelson 1996; Aiga 2002; Milone 1993; Moitra 1987; Moraes 2004; Parikh in press).”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 revealed qualitatively that a number of the components delivered within the multicomponent physical upgrading programme were not successfully installed, maintained or used. This included drains either not being delivered or being inappropriately installed or not working, or poor siting of facilities resulting in lack of use.”

In the citing paper

“Several supporting studies also used recall periods that were unclear, or greater than four weeks (De Leon 1986; Joshi 2002; Milone 1993; Moitra 1987; Parikh in press).”

In the citing paper

“There were, however, concerns regarding one CBA (Taylor 1987) and three supporting studies (Milone 1993; Moitra 1987; Parikh in press), which scored poorly in this area due to the lack of reporting of raw data or numerical values for results that were described narratively or graphically.”

In the citing paper

“It was noted that the study did not report that the community were consulted and engaged in the planning of the interventions, and this may be a contributory factor to the poor implementation and maintenance.”

In the citing paper

“Often or seldom diarrhoea reported amongst households, following the intervention compared to before the intervention. RR = 0.43 **”

In the citing paper

“Skin diseases reported to be often or seldom amongst households. Relative risk calculated comparing final follow up to baseline^. RR = 0.38**”

In the citing paper

“Dengue fever reported to be often or seldom amongst households. Relative risk calculated comparing final follow up to to cycle II (whereby intervention had already been installed)^. RR = 0.38**”

In the citing paper

“1120 household heads were selected for questioning, sample sizes for measured outcomes are not reported or whether any loss to follow‐up ( Milone 1993 UBA ‐/+)”

In the citing paper

“Living below the poverty line (at the 40 th percentile expenditure level) at final follow‐up compared to baseline. RR = 0.74**”

In the citing paper

“Infrastructure was believed to free time which could be used for productive activities (such as income generating opportunities or school) (Aiga 2002; Milone 1993; Parikh in press).”

In the citing paper

“Toilets were judged as the second most important component by kampung residents.”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 also observed that the risk of households living below the poverty threshold (set at the 40th percentile expenditure level) was lower following slum upgrading compared to before (RR of 0.74, precision and statistical significance could not be determined from the information reported).”

In the citing paper

“Footpaths were viewed as increasing safety (De Leon 1986; Milone 1993).”

In the citing paper

“There was a consistent theme that residents preferred private facilities.”

In the citing paper

“Solid waste disposal boxes were unsuccessful because the cities did not have the capacity to collect rubbish on a regular basis.”

In the citing paper

“Paved paths were perceived to increase security, as residents invested in electric lighting along footpath edges at their own expense.”

In the citing paper

“Residents said footpaths and roads improved access to the rest of the city, and made efficient and quicker transport possible.”

In the citing paper

“Cemented footpaths and roads were highly appreciated, more than drains or other components.”

In the citing paper

“Residents deemed drains to be very essential.”

In the citing paper

“One UBA study with a high degree of bias found a lower relative risk of having a skin disease 'seldom or often' when outcomes, immediately after the delivery of multicomponent slum upgrading or at final follow‐up one year later, were compared to baseline (RR 0.77 and 0.38 respectively) (Milone 1993).”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 did not find any change in dengue fever, which was only measured at cycle II (once the intervention had been delivered) and at final follow‐up a year later.”

In the citing paper

“Siting public facilities away from areas of most need, impractical locations, or in ways that social class and gender dimensions were described as barriers to the use of services (Milone 1993).”

In the citing paper

“Water, sanitation and drainage improvements were rated as higher priorities for residents above health and education services (Joshi 2002; Milone 1993; Parikh in press).”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 also reported resident dissatisfaction with a number of intervention components due to their location, incomplete service design (for example solid waste disposal boxes were provided but no system for collecting them) and lack of maintenance of drains or public latrines.”

In the citing paper

“Four supporting studies with high risk of bias reinforced this result, reporting that lower diarrhoea incidence was associated with receiving a single cement flooring intervention (Cattaneo 2009) or multicomponent slum upgrading (Aiga 2002; Milone 1993; Moraes 2004).”

In the citing paper

“Cemented footpaths and roads were highly appreciated, where residents thought these led to improved access to market, schools and work, and increased safety (Milone 1993) and were viewed as increasing safety (Abelson 1996).”

In the citing paper

“Improvements to roads and footpaths were valued by residents in two studies (De Leon 1986; Milone 1993).”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 described how this increased access to the rest of the city, and made efficient and quicker transport possible to market, schools and to work all year round.”

In the citing paper

“Residents often said that paved paths increased security, as residents at their own expense strung up electric lighting along the footpath edges (Milone 1993) and slum dwellers in one study expressed preferences for straight pathways to facilitate neighbourhood vigilance (De Leon 1986).”

In the citing paper

“Multicomponent physical environment and infrastructure interventions without other living environment interventions were evaluated in one main study (Soares 2005) and four supporting studies (Aiga 2002; Milone 1993; Moraes 2004; Parikh in press).”

In the citing paper

“Milone 1993 did not quantitatively examine sustainability but described the lack of maintenance of the multi‐component physical upgrading, for example drains were not kept clear, water taps were not maintained so that if they broke they were not fixed, and water fees were not always paid so taps were turned off.”