Event rate and event‐related potentials in ADHD
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been repeatedly found that performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more impaired when a long inter-stimulus interval (ISI) is used than when a short ISI is used. According to the cognitive-energetic model, this may reflect difficulty in remaining in an optimal motor activation state because of insufficient effort allocation. METHOD: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were evaluated during a Go/No-Go task that incorporates a condition with a fast and a slow presentation rate. RESULTS: ADHD, whether or not comorbid with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), was associated with a steeper increase in reaction time (RT) from the fast to the slow condition accompanied by a missing increment of the parietal P3. Speed of responding was found to be correlated with P3 amplitude. In the fast condition, children with ADHD made more errors of commission, accompanied by a smaller No-Go N2, a component thought to be related to inhibition; however, after controlling for ODD/CD these differences disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: The association between the steeper increase in RT and reduced parietal P3s may indicate that the children with ADHD did not allocate enough extra effort to adjust to a potentially under-activated state. However, the event rate effects could not account for all of the differences between groups and also early automatic information processing stages seem disturbed in this disorder as indexed by larger P2 amplitudes. Alternative explanations are discussed.
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The findings of ANS hypoarousal are consistent with evidence of poorer performance when cognitive tasks have a slow event rate and suggest that lower ANS activity may be one factor that contributes to poorer performance of people with ADHD when tasks require sustained attention and response regulation.
“The findings of ANS hypoarousal are also consistent with evidence of poorer performance when cognitive tasks have a slow event rate (Metin et al., 2012;Wiersema et al., 2006) and suggest that lower ANS activity may be one factor that contributes to poorer performance of people with ADHD when tasks require sustained attention and response regulation.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Wiersema et al., 2006
Varying the event rate on a trial-by-trial basis also seems to reduce ADHD-related increases in reaction time variability.
“This set of results is corroborated by studies that have found that varying the ER on a trial-by-trial basis also seems to reduce ADHD-related increases in RTV [87,88].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [87]
ADHD children are differentially affected by slow event rates or sparse schedules of reinforcement.
“and are differentially affected by slow event rates/sparse schedules of reinforcement (Wiersema et al, 2006;Aase and Sagvolden, 2006).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Wiersema et al, 2006
ERP studies showed that slow and inaccurate RT performance in the condition with a long ISI was accompanied by reduced parietal P3 amplitude indicating less effort allocation.
“These studies showed that slow and inaccurate RT performance in the condition with a long ISI was accompanied by reduced parietal P3 amplitude indicating less effort allocation”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Wiersema et al., 2006
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References 45 · Cited by 129
- Authors
- Wiersema, R., Van Der Meere, J., Roeyers, H., Van, C., & Baeyens, D.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Wiersema, Roeljan
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-04-26
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 560-567
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2003974102
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, event rate, interstimulus interval, event-related potentials, P300, N2 component, P2 component, reaction time, effort allocation, go/no-go task, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, inhibition, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Parietal Lobe, Perceptual Disorders, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Time Perception, Prevalence, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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