Cited by 456Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchProtein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: regulation and consequences

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Dunkley, Peter R., Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Graham, Mark E., Von Nagy‐Felsobuki, Ellak I., Dickson, Phillip W.·2004·Journal of Neurochemistry

DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x

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Abstract

The rate‐limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis is tyrosine hydroxylase. It is phosphorylated at serine (Ser) residues Ser8, Ser19, Ser31 and Ser40 in vitro, in situ and in vivo. A range of protein kinases and protein phosphatases are able to phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites in vitro. Some of these enzymes are able to regulate tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in situ and in vivo but the identity of the kinases and phosphatases is incomplete, especially for physiologically relevant stimuli. The stoichiometry of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in situ and in vivo is low. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 increases the enzyme's activity in vitro, in situ and in vivo. Phosphorylation at Ser31 also increases the activity but to a much lesser extent than for Ser40 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser19 or Ser8 has no direct effect on tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Hierarchical phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase occurs both in vitro and in situ, whereby the phosphorylation at Ser19 increases the rate of Ser40 phosphorylation leading to an increase in enzyme activity. Hierarchical phosphorylation depends on the state of the substrate providing a novel form of control of tyrosine hydroxylase activation.

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“In addition, levels of phospho S40TH, the active form of TH (Dunkley et al., 2004) were also shown to be significantly increased (p < 0.”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Upregulation of PKA/cAMP pathway via GLP-1R stimulation could also lead to increased TH/TPH expression which could result in restoration of the DA, 5-HT, and NA neurotransmitter systems (Gueorguiev et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008; Dunkley et al., 2004; Foguet et al., 1993; Yamamoto et al., 2003).”
Retracted
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“BH4 serves as a powerful reducing agent that maintains TH in its ferrous, active form and thus is necessary for catecholamine synthesis (Kaufman, 1978; Dunkley et al. 2004; Urano et al. 2006).”
Background
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Catecholaminergic Brain Regions: A Marker of Activation following Acute Hypotension and Glucoprivation
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“The identification of changes at three serine residues on TH provides information not only regarding neuronal activation (Ser19) but also has the potential to indicate signaling pathways activated (e.g. MAPK or CDK for Ser31) and the probability of catecholamine synthesis/metabolism being activated (if Ser31 and parti…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Short-Term Regulated by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in PC12 Cells and Hypothalamic and Brainstem Neurons from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Possible Implications in Hypertension
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“Phosphorylation of TH at Ser-19 has no effect on TH activity but changes the enzyme conformation facilitating the accessibility of Ser-40 to kinases so leading to an increase in the enzyme activity [30,31].”
BackgroundInfluential
CRF2mediates the increased noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the negative state of morphine withdrawal in rats
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“Using phosphorylation state-specific antibodies directed towards Ser31 or Ser40, in the present study, we have shown that naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal greatly increased the levels of TH phosphorylated at Ser31 and Ser40 in the rat NTS concomitantly with the previously described enhanced NA turnover.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Enhanced synthesis and release of dopamine in transgenic mice with gain‐of‐function α6* nAChR s
Wang, Y., Lee, J., Oh, G., Grady, S. R., McIntosh, J. M., Brunzell, D. H., Cannon, J. R., & Drenan, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12616 · Cited by 31
Compensatory Regulation of Dopamine after Ablation of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene in the Nigrostriatal Projection
Tokuoka, H., Muramatsu, S., Sumi‐Ichinose, C., Sakane, H., Kojima, M., Aso, Y., Nomura, T., METZGER, D., & Ichinose, H. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.284729 · Cited by 29
Activation of AMPK/aPKCζ/CREB pathway by metformin is associated with upregulation of GDNF and dopamine
Katila, N., Bhurtel, S., Park, P., Hong, J. T., & Choi, D. (2020) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114193 · Cited by 29
Mice lacking p35 display hyperactivity and paradoxical response to psychostimulants
Krapacher, F. A., Mlewski, E. C., Ferreras, S., Pisano, V., Paolorossi, M., Hansen, C., & Paglini, M. G. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06748.x · Cited by 29
Mechanism of action of salsolinol on tyrosine hydroxylase
Briggs, G. D., Nagy, G. M., & Dickson, P. W. (2013) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.016 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Transgenic mice expressing constitutive active MAPKAPK5 display gender-dependent differences in exploration and activity
Gerits, N., Belle, W. V., & Moens, U. L. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-58 · Cited by 29
Intrauterine growth restriction increases impulsive behavior and is associated with altered dopamine transmission in both medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex in female rats
Alves, M. B., Laureano, D. P., Dalle Molle, R., Machado, T. D., Salvador, A. P. D. A., Miguel, P. M., Lupinsky, D., Dalmaz, C., & Silveira, P. P. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.010 · Cited by 30
Intracerebroventricular administration of ouabain, a Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, activates tyrosine hydroxylase through extracellular signal-regulated kinase in rat striatum
Yu, H. S., Kim, S. H., Park, H. G., Kim, Y. S., & Ahn, Y. M. (2011) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.011 · Cited by 29
Evidence for Circadian Regulation of Activating Transcription Factor 5 But Not Tyrosine Hydroxylase by the Chromaffin Cell Clock
Lemos, D. R., Goodspeed, L., Tonelli, L., Antoch, M. P., Ojeda, S. R., & Urbanski, H. F. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0610 · Cited by 28
“The first encodes TH, an enzyme that catalyzes the major rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines (34).”
Background
Stable preparations of tyrosine hydroxylase provide the solution structure of the full-length enzyme
Bezem, M. T., Baumann, A., Skjærven, L., Meyer, R., Kursula, P., Martı́nez, A., & Flydal, M. I. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30390 · Cited by 28
HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition augments dopamine release in the rat brain in vivo
Witten, L. M., Sager, T. N., Thirstrup, K., Johansen, J. L., Larsen, D. B., Montezinho, L. P., & Mørk, A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21988 · Cited by 28
“This phosphorylation is mediated by a variety of protein kinases; e.g., phosphorylation of TH at ser40 increases the activity of TH (Dunkley et al., 2004).”
Background
From Synaptic Physiology to Synaptic Pathology: The Enigma of α-Synuclein
Nordengen, K., & Morland, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020986 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, in silico data [112,113] suggest that α -syn docks at TH, causing a partial enfolding of the protein structure, which potentially reduces dopamine synthesis.”
Background
Catecholamines
Gnegy, M. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374947-5.00014-6 · Cited by 28
Identification of Trigeminal Sensory Neuronal Types Innervating Masseter Muscle
Lindquist, K. A., Belugin, S., Hovhannisyan, A. H., Corey, T. M., Salmon, A. B., & Akopian, A. N. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0176-21.2021 · Cited by 28
“…1:300; Ruparel et al., 2008; Neeb et al., 2011; Lorenzo et al., 2014); anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) rabbit polyclonal (Pel-Freez, P40101, 1:400; Dunkley et al., 2004; Ma et al., 2004); anti-mrgD rabbit polyclonal (Alamone Lab, AMR061, 1:200; Chang et al., 2016; Patil et al., 2018); anti-trkC…”
Background
Localized tyrosine or tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation corrects the age‐related decline in cutaneous vasoconstriction
Lang, J. A., Holowatz, L. A., & Kenney, W. L. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.185694 · Cited by 27
“concentrations to maintain optimal tyrosine hydroxylase function (Kumer & Vrana, 1996; Dunkley et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Phosphorylation at serine 31 targets tyrosine hydroxylase to vesicles for transport along microtubules
Jorge‐Finnigan, A., Kleppe, R., Jung‐KC, K., Ying, M., Marie, M., Ríos-Mondragón, I., Salvatore, M. F., Saraste, J., & Martı́nez, A. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.762344 · Cited by 26
“To better understand the previously reported multisite and hierarchical phosphorylation events in TH (13, 16, 20, 22), we studied whether phosphorylation at Ser-31 can modulate phosphorylation at Ser-19 and Ser-40, which are regulated by different signaling pathways.”
Background
In vitro optimization of retinoic acid–induced neuritogenesis and TH endogenous expression in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by the antioxidant Trolox
da Frota, M. L. C., Pires, A. S., Zeidán‐Chuliá, F., Bristot, I. J., Lopes, F. M., Pasquali, M. A. D. B., Zanotto‐Filho, A., Behr, G. A., Klamt, F., Gelain, D. P., et al. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-011-0983-2 · Cited by 27
“2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway, and its regulation controls the levels of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in tissues [33], we performed immunoblotting experiments to quantify possible variations at the protein level of the enzyme.”
Background
Agonist selective modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression by cannabinoid ligands in a murine neuroblastoma cell line
Bosier, B., Tilleux, S., Najimi, M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04679.x · Cited by 27
Identification by nano-LC-MS/MS of NT5DC2 as a protein binding to tyrosine hydroxylase: Down-regulation of NT5DC2 by siRNA increases catecholamine synthesis in PC12D cells
Nakashima, A., Yamaguchi, H., Kodani, Y., Kaneko, Y. S., Kawata, M., Nagasaki, H., Nagatsu, T., & Ota, A. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.156 · Cited by 26
Personalized Medicine to Improve Treatment of Dopa-Responsive Dystonia—A Focus on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency
Nygaard, G., Szigetvari, P. D., Grindheim, A. K., Ruoff, P., Martı́nez, A., Haavik, J., Kleppe, R., & Flydal, M. I. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11111186 · Cited by 28
“The medium- to long-term regulation of TH is executed on the gene expression level and involves transcriptional control, alternative RNA splicing, modulation of RNA stability, translational and post-translational regulation [84–87], while the primary modes of transient regulation affecting TH activity, location and st…”
BackgroundInfluential
Changes in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Dopamine Synthesis in the Nigrostriatal System of Mice in an Acute Model of Parkinson’s Disease as a Manifestation of Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity
Kolacheva, A. A., Alekperova, L., Pavlova, E., Bannikova, A., & Ugrumov, M. V. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12060779 · Cited by 26
“), and slow, which is transcription activation [16,17].”
Background
Long-term controlled GDNF over-expression reduces dopamine transporter activity without affecting tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the rat mesostriatal system
Barroso‐Chinea, P., Cruz‐Muros, I., Afonso‐Oramas, D., Castro‐Hernández, J., Salas-Hernández, J., Chtarto, A., Luis-Ravelo, D., Humbert‐Claude, M., Tenenbaum, L., & González‐Hernández, T. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.002 · Cited by 26
“…note that although the catalytic activity of TH was not directly quantified, the close relationship between Ser40 phosphorylation and TH activity (Dunkley et al., 2004; Daubner et al., 2011; Dickson and Briggs, 2013) allows us to assume that TH activity is preserved in AAV-tetON-GDNFinjected…”
Retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase acutely by increasing the phosphorylation of serine40 and then serine31 in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
Gelain, D. P., Moreira, J. C. F., Bevilaqua, L. R., Dickson, P. W., & Dunkley, P. R. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04935.x · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Inhibition of deubiquitinating activity of USP14 decreases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated at Ser19 in PC12D cells
Nakashima, A., Ohnuma, S., Kodani, Y., Kaneko, Y. S., Nagasaki, H., Nagatsu, T., & Ota, A. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.022 · Cited by 22
Biphasic dopamine regulation in mesoaccumbens pathway in response to non-contingent binge and escalating methamphetamine regimens in the Wistar rat
Keller, C. M., Salvatore, M. F., Pruett, B. S., Guerin, G. F., & Goeders, N. E. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2301-9 · Cited by 25
“TH activity is regulated by phosphorylation at ser31 or ser40 (Salvatore et al. 2001; Dunkley et al. 2004).”
Background
Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptor-1 on the Catecholaminergic Response to Morphine Withdrawal in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)
Almela, P., Zaragoza, J. N., García-Carmona, J. A., Mora, L., Hidalgo, J. M., Milanés, M. V., & Laorden, M. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047089 · Cited by 28
“In particular, increases in the phosphorylation of Ser40 and Ser31 accelerate TH activity, thereby simulating production of neurotransmitter in catecholamines terminals [57].”
Background
Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms and phosphorylation at serine 40 in the human nigrostriatal system in Parkinson's disease
Shehadeh, J., Double, K. L., Murphy, K. E., Bobrovskaya, L., Reyes, S., Dunkley, P. R., Halliday, G. M., & Dickson, P. W. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104524 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Tyrosine hydroxylase is expressed during early heart development and is required for cardiac chamber formation
López‐Sánchez, C., Bártulos, Ó., Martínez‐Campos, E., et al. (2010) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq179 · Cited by 25
“TH activity depends on allosteric factors and on the phosphorylation state of the enzyme, as well as on the presence of co-factors.(1,17)”
Background
Differential effects of acute administration of SCH-23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, and of ethanol on swimming activity, anxiety-related responses, and neurochemistry of zebrafish
Tran, S., Nowicki, M., Muraleetharan, A., et al. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4030-y · Cited by 24
“, kinases) and induce tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation to increase the total levels of dopamine and DOPAC (Dunkley et al. 2004; Fujisawa and Okuno 2005).”
Influential
Mechanisms of dopamine quantal size regulation
Daniela, B. P. (2012) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4083 · Cited by 25
“kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), are able to phosphorylate TH at either ser40 and/or one of the other 3 serine residues mentioned above (22, 23).”
BackgroundInfluential
Dynamic Changes of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopamine Concentrations in the Ventral Tegmental Area-Nucleus Accumbens Projection During the Expression of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
Liang, J., Ma, S.-S., Li, Y.-J., Ping, X., Hu, L., & Cui, C. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0739-8 · Cited by 25
“Among them, Ser(31) and Ser(40) are believed to be directly involved in DA synthesis because increases in the phosphorylation of TH at these two sites enhance the catalytic activity of TH [36, 37].”
Background
Altered Dopamine Signaling in Naturally Occurring Maternal Neglect
Gammie, S. C., Edelmann, M. N., Mandel‐Brehm, C., D'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Auger, A. P., & Stevenson, S. A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001974 · Cited by 27
The effects of footshock and immobilization stress on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat locus coeruleus and adrenal gland
Ong, L. K., Guan, L., Stutz, B., Dickson, P. W., Dunkley, P. R., & Bobrovskaya, L. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.087 · Cited by 24
“This phosphorylation is likely to be due to the depolarization of the cells, leading to the entry of extracellular calcium via voltage sensitive calcium channels and then the direct activation of the calcium dependent kinase CaMPKII (Dunkley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Molecular basis of the dopaminergic system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
Watanabe, T., Sadamoto, H., & Aonuma, H. (2013) · Invertebrate Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10158-013-0153-1 · Cited by 24
Protein Kinase C-Dependent Dephosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Requires the B56δ Heterotrimeric Form of Protein Phosphatase 2A
Ahn, J., Kim, Y. D., Kim, H.-S., Greengard, P., & Nairn, A. C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026292 · Cited by 24
“A number of studies have implicated PKC in the regulation of TH in several different cellular systems [5].”
BackgroundInfluential
Inhibition of phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase attenuates ethanol-induced hyperactivity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Nowicki, M., Tran, S., Chatterjee, D., & Gerlai, R. T. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.008 · Cited by 24
“Although activity of TH can be modulated by other mechanisms (i.e. transcriptional and translational regulation) (Dunkley et al., 2004), the significant attenuation of the alcohol-induced DA increase and motor hyperactivity by THP suggests that TH phosphorylation may be one of the primary…”
Background
Sunitinib inhibits catecholamine synthesis and secretion in pheochromocytoma tumor cells by blocking VEGF receptor 2 via PLC-γ-related pathways
Aita, Y., Ishii, K., Saito, Y., Ikeda, T., Kawakami, Y., Shimano, H., Hara, H., & Takekoshi, K. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2012 · Cited by 24
Protein Oxidative Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Advances in Detection and Modelling to Their Use as Disease Biomarkers
Anjo, S. I., He, Z., Hussain, Z., Farooq, A., McIntyre, A., Laughton, C. A., Carvalho, A. N., & Finelli, M. J. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060681 · Cited by 23
“While phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation increase its enzymatic activity, S-glutathionylation and nitration inhibit it [162–165].”
Background
Transcriptome‐based insights into gene networks controlling myopia prevention
Karouta, C., Kucharski, R., Hardy, K., et al. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100350rr · Cited by 23
Accumbal dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin activity after naloxone-conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice
Gómez-Milanés, I., Almela, P., García-Carmona, J. A., García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Aracil-Fernández, A., Manzanares, J., Milanés, M. V., & Laorden, M. L. (2012) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.011 · Cited by 23
“…through changes in the level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein (the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis), whereas short-term catecholamine synthesis regulation occurs through phosphorylation of TH, which enhances enzymatic activity (Dunkley et al., 2004; Kumer and Vrana, 1996).”
Cardiac sympathetic innervation and PGP9.5 expression by cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction: effects of central MR blockade
Drobysheva, A., Ahmad, M., White, R. A., Wang, H., & Leenen, F. H. H. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2013 · Cited by 23
Does exposure to chronic stress influence blood pressure in rats?
Bobrovskaya, L., Beard, D. J., Bondarenko, E., et al. (2013) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.001 · Cited by 22
“TH phosphorylation at Ser40 (as an index of TH activity (Dunkley et al., 2004)) was expressed as the ratio of TH phosphorylation at Ser40 (pSer40TH) to total TH protein, to account for variability in total TH protein between samples.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Signal transduction pathways and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the adrenal medulla following glucoprivation: An in vivo analysis
Bobrovskaya, L., Damanhuri, H. A., Ong, L. K., et al. (2010) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.05.009 · Cited by 22
“Under in vitro conditions TH is phosphorylated at Ser31 most commonly by MAPK (Haycock et al., 1992; Bobrovskaya et al., 2001; Dunkley et al., 2004), although some evidence also supports a role for CDK (Moy and Tsai, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Dephosphorylation/inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase at the median eminence of the hypothalamus is required for suckling-induced prolactin and adrenocorticotrop hormone responses
Fehér, P. S., Oláh, M., Bodnár, I., Hechtl, D., Bácskay, I., Juhász, B., Nagy, G. M., & Vecsernyés, M. (2010) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.006 · Cited by 22

Authors: Dunkley, P. R., Bobrovskaya, L., Graham, M. E., Von Nagy‐Felsobuki, E. I., & Dickson, P. W.
Affiliations: University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Dunkley, Peter R.
ORCID: Dunkley, Peter R.
Bobrovskaya, Larisa
Graham, Mark E.
Dickson, Phillip W.
Venue: Journal of Neurochemistry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-11-18
Volume: 91
Issue: 5
Pages: 1025-1043
ISSN: 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
1471-4159
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x
OpenAlex: W2114431124
Semantic Scholar: f10f568903c3e4d7cdc660f6816f0563cabf919f
Cited by: 455
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: tyrosine hydroxylase, serine phosphorylation, catecholamine synthesis, protein kinases, protein phosphatase, enzyme activation, phosphorylation stoichiometry
MeSH terms: Animals, Models, Biological, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Serine, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

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Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: regulation and consequences

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