The Adolescent Femininity Ideology Scale: Development and Validation of a New Measure for Girls
Abstract
This article describes the development and validation of the Adolescent Femininity Ideology Scale (AFIS) through three studies with racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse early, middle, and late adolescent girls. Distinguished from feminine personality trait and feminine gender role, the concept of femininity ideology represents the individual-level construct that links individual females to social constructions of femininity. The AFIS measures the extent to which adolescent girls have internalized or resisted two negative conventions of femininity in two psychological domains: experience of self in relationship with others and relationship with one's body. Grounded in girls' own words, the 20-item scale is comprised of two subscales reflecting these domains. The AFIS has acceptable internal consistency and temporal stability. We demonstrate construct and concurrent validity, as well as discriminant validity from the Bern Sex Role Inventory (Bern, 1981) and the Attitudes Towards Women Scale for Adolescents (Galambos, Petersen, Richards, & Gitelson, 1985). We discuss the promise and limits of this new measure of gender ideology for adolescent girls.
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Individuals with low levels of authenticity also had low self-esteem.
“In their study, Tolman and Porche (2000) found that individuals with low levels of authenticity also had low self-esteem.”
From The Mediating Role of Relationship Satisfaction Between Authenticity and Self-Esteem In Romantic Relationships (2024) · cites this paper as Tolman and Porche (2000)
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“Moreover, these developmental processes are exacerbated for girls, who are simultaneously being socialized into adult gender roles (Hill & Lynch, 1983) that include women’s investment in their physical appearance (Mahalik et al., 2005; Tolman & Porche, 2000).”
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- Authors
- Tolman, D. L., & Porche, M. V.
- Affiliations
- Wellesley College (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Women Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-376
- ISSN
- 0361-6843 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-6402
- OpenAlex
- W1492364051
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Women Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- adolescent girls, gender ideology, social construction of femininity, body image, self-concept, gender role attitudes, scale development, psychometric validation, construct validity
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