The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
MDR1 Gene Expression in Brain of Patients with Medically Intractable Epilepsy
Abstract
Summary: Why some patients with seizures are successfully treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and others prove medically intractable is not known. Inadequate intraparenchymal drug concentration is a possible mechanism of resistance to AEDs. The multiple drug resistance gene (MDRI) encodes P‐glycoprotein, an energy‐dependent efflux pump that exports planar hydrophobic molecules from the cell. If P‐glycoprotein is expressed in brain of some patients with intractable epilepsy and AEDs are exported by P‐glycoprotein, lower intraparenchymal drug concentrations could contribute to lack of drug response in such patients. Eleven of 19 brain specimens removed from patients during operation for intractable epilepsy had MDR1 mRNA levels > 10 times greater than those in normal brain, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) method. Immunohistochemistry for P‐glycoprotein from 14 of the patients showed increased staining in capillary endothelium in samples from epileptic patients as compared with staining in normal brain samples. In epileptic brain specimens with high MDR1 mRNA levels, expression of P‐glycoprotein in astrocytes also was identified. Last, steady‐state intracellular phenytoin (PHT) concentrations in MDR1 expressing neuroectodermal cells was one fourth that in MDR1‐negative cells. MDR1 expression is increased in brain of some patients with medically intractable epilepsy, suggesting that the patients’ lack of response to medication may be caused by inadequate accumulation of AED in brain.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Incidence of Epilepsy and Unprovoked Seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984
Hauser, W. A., Annegers, J. F., & Kurland, L. T. (1993) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02586.x · Cited by 2,073
Cordon-Cardo, C., O'Brien, J. P., Casals, D., Rittman-Grauer, L., Biedler, J. L., Melamed, M. R., & Bertino, J. R. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.2.695 · Cited by 1,750
Tsuruo, T., Iida, H., Tsukagoshi, S., & Sakurai, Y. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 1,459
Noonan, K. E., Beck, C., Holzmayer, T. A., Chin, J. E., Wunder, J. S., Andrulis, I. L., Gazdar, A. F., Willman, C. L., Griffith, B., Von Hoff, D. D., et al. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.18.7160 · Cited by 714
Tsuruo, T., Iida, H., Tsukagoshi, S., & Sakurai, Y. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 659
Thiebaut, F., Tsuruo, T., Hamada, H., Gottesman, M. M., Pastan, I., & Willingham, M. C. (1989) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/37.2.2463300 · Cited by 604
Dalton, W. S., Grogan, T. M., Meltzer, P. S., Scheper, R. J., Durie, B. G., Taylor, C. W., Miller, T. P., & Salmon, S. E. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1989.7.4.415 · Cited by 556
ATP-dependent transport of vinblastine in vesicles from human multidrug-resistant cells.
Horio, M., Gottesman, M. M., & Pastan, I. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.10.3580 · Cited by 476
The mdrl gene, responsible for multidrug-resistance, codes for P-glycoprotein
Ueda, K., Cornwell, M. M., Gottesman, M. M., Pastan, I., Roninson, I. B., Ling, V., & Riordan, J. R. (1986) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80136-x · Cited by 411
Genetic and biochemical characterization of multidrug resistance
Riordan, J. R., & Ling, V. (1985) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(85)90082-8 · Cited by 398
Cited by
Early Identification of Refractory Epilepsy
Kwan, P., & Brodie, M. J. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200002033420503 · Cited by 5,204
Blood-brain barrier active efflux transporters: ATP-binding cassette gene family
Löscher, W., & Potschka, H. (2005) · NeuroRX · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.86 · Cited by 872
Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Multiple Hypotheses, Few Answers
Tang, F., Hartz, A. M. S., & Bauer, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00301 · Cited by 482
Incidence and Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Sultana, B., Panzini, M.-A., Veilleux Carpentier, A., Comtois, J., Rioux, B., Gore, G., Bauer, P. R., Kwon, C.-S., Jetté, N., Josephson, C. B., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011839 · Cited by 435
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy
Remy, S., & Beck, H. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh682 · Cited by 406
Metadata
- Authors
- Tishler, D. M., Weinberg, K. I., Hinton, D. R., Barbaro, N., Annett, G. M., & Raffel, C.
- Venue
- Epilepsia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1995-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 0013-9580 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-1167
- OpenAlex
- W2061928059
- Cited by
- 527
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: MDR1 Gene Expression in Brain of Patients with Medically Intractable Epilepsy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01657.x
- The paper
- Tishler, D. M., Weinberg, K. I., Hinton, D. R., Barbaro, N., Annett, G. M., & Raffel, C. (1995). MDR1 Gene Expression in Brain of Patients with Medically Intractable Epilepsy. Epilepsia. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01657.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
