Beyond General Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross‐Border Leadership Effectiveness in a Globalized World
Abstract
Emphasizing the importance of cross‐border effectiveness in the contemporary globalized world, we propose that cultural intelligence—the leadership capability to manage effectively in culturally diverse settings—is a critical leadership competency for those with cross‐border responsibilities. We tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers with both domestic and cross‐border leadership responsibilities. Results supported our predictions: (1) general intelligence predicted both domestic and cross‐border leadership effectiveness; (2) emotional intelligence was a stronger predictor of domestic leadership effectiveness, and (3) cultural intelligence was a stronger predictor of cross‐border leadership effectiveness. Overall, results show the value of cultural intelligence as a critical leadership competency in today's globalized world.
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Behavioral flexibility can be acquired through multicultural experiences, which expose individuals to a variety of work-related situations and inform them about how people in different cultural contexts collaborate and communicate.
“Behavioral flexibility can be acquired through multicultural experiences, which expose individuals to a variety of work-related situations, informing them about how people in different (cultural) contexts collaborate and communicate with each other.”
From Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams. (2020) · cites this paper as Rockstuhl, Seiler, Ang, Van Dyne, & Annen, 2011
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Human abilities: emotional intelligence
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646 · Cited by 2,170 · see citing works
Rubin, R. S., Munz, D. C., & Bommer, W. H. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.18803926 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Offermann, L. R., Bailey, J. R., Vasilopoulos, N. L., Seal, C., & Sass, M. (2004) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1702_5 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
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Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams.
Homan, A. C., Gündemir, S., Buengeler, C., & van Kleef, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000482 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Eisenberg, J., & Mattarelli, E. (2017) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2016.11.007 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Rockstuhl, Thomas
- Venue
- Journal of Social Issues
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 825-840
- ISSN
- 0022-4537 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-4560
- OpenAlex
- W2172265206
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 42.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Social Issues (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › International Student and Expatriate Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
- Keywords
- cultural intelligence, emotional intelligence, general intelligence, leadership effectiveness, military officers, leadership skills, cultural diversity, globalization
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