The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution
Open accessAbstract
Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were first isolated in 1953 from Shigella dysenteriae, a bacterium which causes bacterial dysentery. Since then tetracycline-resistant bacterial have been found in increasing numbers of species and genera. This has resulted in reduced effectiveness of tetracycline therapy over time. Tetracycline resistance is normally due to the acquisition of new genes often associated with either a mobile plasmid or a transposon. These tetracycline resistance determinants are distinguishable both genetically and biochemically. Resistance is primarily due to either energy-dependent efflux of tetracycline or protection of the ribosomes from the action of tetracycline. Gram-negative tetracycline efflux proteins are linked to repressor proteins which in the absence of tetracycline block transcription of the repressor and structural efflux genes. In contrast, expression of the Gram-positive tetracycline efflux genes and some of the ribosomal protection genes appears to be regulated by attenuation of mRNA transcription. Specific tetracycline resistance genes have been identified in 32 Gram-negative and 22 Gram-positive genera. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria are found in pathogens, opportunistic and normal flora species. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria can be isolated from man, animals, food, and the environment. The nonpathogens in each of these ecosystems may play an important role as reservoirs for the antibiotic resistance genes. It is clear that if we are to reverse the trend toward increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria we will need to change how antibiotics are used in both human and animal health and food production.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era
Cohen, M. L. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1050 · Cited by 1,310
Trends in Antimicrobial Drug Prescribing Among Office-Based Physicians in the United States
McCaig, L. F. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520270048030 · Cited by 790
INFECTIVE HEREDITY OF MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA
Watanabe, T. (1963) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/br.27.1.87-115.1963 · Cited by 737
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING EXPRESSION OF TN 10 ENCODED TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE
Hillen, W., & Berens, C. (1994) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.002021 · Cited by 511
Benveniste, R. Ė., & DAVIES, J. E. (1973) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.70.8.2276 · Cited by 510
Active efflux mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance
Levy, S. B. (1992) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.36.4.695 · Cited by 501
Tetracyclines, molecular and clinical aspects
Chopra, I., Hawkey, P. M., & Hinton, M. (1992) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/29.3.245 · Cited by 423
Unconstrained bacterial promiscuity: the Tn916–Tn1545 family of conjugative transposons
Clewell, D. B., Flannagan, S. E., Jaworski, D. D., & Clewell, D. B. (1995) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88930-1 · Cited by 391
Genetics and Molecular Biology of Streptococci, Lactococci, and Enterococci
Dunny, G. M., Cleary, P. P., & McKay, L. L. (1991) · Cited by 353
Levy, S. B. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6042-9 · Cited by 339
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1093/jac/33.3.419 · DOI
- Nelson W.L. Kuritsky J.N. Kennedy D.L. Lao C.S. (1987) Outpatient (outpt) pediatric antibiotic use in the US: trends and therapy for otitis media (OM) 1977–1986, In: Program and Abstracts of the 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy pp 175 American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC Abstract 455.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chopra, I., & Roberts, M. (2001) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.65.2.232-260.2001 · Cited by 4,517
Self-citationAntibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses
Levy, S. B., & Marshall, B. M. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1145 · Cited by 4,152
Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges
Rosano, G. L., & Ceccarelli, E. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172 · Cited by 2,556
Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post-Antibiotic Era?
Alanis, A. J. (2005) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.009 · Cited by 1,458
The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies
Ayukekbong, J. A., Ntemgwa, M., & Atabe, A. N. (2017) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x · Cited by 1,315
Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, M. C.
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6976
- OpenAlex
- W2165499943
- Cited by
- 689
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai024136-08, 5r03de010913-02)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 24136)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE10913)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- tetracycline resistance, antibiotic resistance determinants, efflux pumps, gene expression regulation, transposable elements, mobile genetic elements, plasmids, gene transfer, reservoir of resistance genes, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, antibiotic use in agriculture, Shigella dysenteriae
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Bacterial Proteins, Carrier Proteins, Genes, Bacterial, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Ribosomes, Tetracycline, Tetracycline Resistance, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
