Help to Family and Friends: Are There Gender Differences at Older Ages?
Open accessAbstract
This paper uses recent data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 5,220) to explore gender differences in the extent to which adults in their 50s and 60s provide informal help to their adult children, elderly parents and friends We find that both men and women report very high levels of helping kin and nonkin alike, though women do more to assist elderly parents and women provide much more emotional support to others than do men. Men provide more assistance than do women with "housework, yard work and repairs." As they retire from the workforce, married men become significantly more involved in the care of their grandchildren, virtually eliminating any gender difference by the time they are in their 60s.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Gender differences in the extent of help provided can be obscured in surveys.
“which, as authors of quantitative studies acknowledge, can be obscured in surveys (Kahn, McGill and Bianchi 2011, 90).”
From Gendering Reciprocity (2013) · cites this paper as Kahn, McGill and Bianchi 2011, 90
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Amato PR Rezac SJ Booth A 1995 Helping between parents and young adult offspring: The role of parental marital quality, divorce, and remarriage Journal of Marriage and the Family 57 363 374
- Bengtson VL 2001 Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds Journal of Marriage and Family 63 1 16
- Bengtson V Rosenthal C Burton L Binstock RH George LK 1990 Families and Aging: Diversity and Heterogeneity Handbook of aging and the social sciences 263 282 3 San Diego Academic Press
- Boaz RF Hu J Ye Y 1999 The transfer of resources from middle-aged children to functionally limited elderly parents: Providing time, giving money, sharing space The Gerontologist 39 648 657 10650674
- Bracke P Christiaens W Wauterickx N 2008 The pivotal role of women in informal care Journal of Family Issues 29 1348 1378
- Chesley N Poppie K 2009 Assisting parents and in-laws: Gender, type of assistance, and couples employment Journal of Marriage and Family 71 247 262
- Cooney T Uhlenberg P 1990 The role of divorce in men’s relations with their adult children after midlife Journal of Marriage and the Family 52 677 688
- Couch KA Daly MC Wolf DA 1999 Time? Money? Both? The Allocation of Resources to Older Parents Demography 36 219 232 10332613
- Cox D Stark O 2005 On the Demand for Grandchildren: Tied Transfers and the Demonstration Effect Journal of Public Economics 89 1665 1697
- Dentinger E Clarkberg M 2002 Informal caregiving and retirement timing among men and women: Gender and caregiving relationships in late midlife Journal of Family Issues 23 857 879
- Hook JL 2004 Reconsidering the division of household labor: Incorporating volunteer work and informal support Journal of Marriage and Family 66 101 117
- James JB Lewkowicz CJ Lachman ME James JB 1997 Themes of Power and Affiliation across Time Multiple paths of midlife development 109 143 Chicago University of Chicago Press
- Moen P Spencer D Binstock RH George LK 2006 Converging divergences in age, gender, health, and well-being: Strategic selection in the Third Age Handbook of aging and the social sciences 127 144 6 Boston Academic Press
- Pezzin LE Schone BS 1999 Parental marital disruption and intergenerational transfers: An analysis of lone elderly parents and their children Demography 36 287 297 10472494
- Rexroat C Shehan C 1987 The family life cycle and spouse’s time in housework Journal of Marriage and the Family 49 737 750
- Sarkisian N Gerstel N 2004 Explaining the gender gap in help to parents: The importance of employment Journal of Marriage and Family 66 431 451
- Sewell WH Hauser RM Springer KW Hauser TS Leicht KT 2004 As we age: A review of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957–2001 Research in social stratification and mobility 3 114 New York Elsevier
- Solomon CR Acock AC Walker AJ 2004 Gender ideology and investment in housework Journal of Family Issues 25 1050 1071
- Swartz TT 2009 Intergenerational Family Relations in Adulthood: Patterns Variations, and Implications in the Contemporary United States Annual Review of Sociology 35 191 212
- Szinovacz M 2000 Changes in housework after retirement: A panel analysis Journal of Marriage and the Family 62 78 92
- Wang Y Marcotte DE 2007 Golden Years? The Labor Market Effects of Caring for Grandchildren Journal of Marriage and Family 69 1283 1296
- Ward R Spitze G Deane G 2009 The More the Merrier? Multiple Adult Child-Parent Relationships Journal of Marriage and Family 71 161 173
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Limited engagements? Women’s and men’s work/volunteer time in the encore life course stage
(2013) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2013.60.2.206 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Older parents benefit more in health outcome from daughters than sons emotional care in China
Zeng, Y., Brasher, M. S., Gu, D., & Vaupel, J. W. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264315620591 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ashwin, S., Tartakovskaya, I., Ilyina, M., & Lytkina, T. (2013) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243213479444 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Donato, K. M., León-Pérez, G., Wallston, K. A., & Kripalani, S. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518789362 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kahn, J. R., McGill, B. S., & Bianchi, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Maryland Population Research Center (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kahn, Joan R.
- Venue
- Journal of Marriage and Family
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-10
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-92
- ISSN
- 0022-2445 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3129855
- OpenAlex
- W2098570850
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 23.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Marriage and the Family (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041041)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- gender differences, informal support, elderly parents, adult children, emotional support, grandparenting, retirement, older adults, housework, Wisconsin Longitudinal Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review