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Deterrence, Democracy, and the Pursuit of International Justice
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In recent years the efforts to hold the perpetrators of mass atrocities accountable have become increasingly normalized, and building capacity in this area has become central to the strategies of numerous advocacy groups, international organizations, and governments engaged in rebuilding and reconstructing states. The indictment of sitting heads of state and rebel leaders engaged in ongoing conflicts, however, has been more exceptional than normal, but is nonetheless radically altering how we think about, debate, and practice justice. While a principled commitment continues to underpin advocacy for justice, several court documents and high-profile reports by leading advocacy organizations stress the capacity of international justice to deliver peace, the rule of law, and stability to transitional states. Such an approach presents a stark contrast to rationales for prosecution that claim that there is a moral obligation or a legal duty to prosecute the perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Instead, recent arguments have emphasized the instrumental purposes of justice, essentially recasting justice as a tool of peacebuilding and encouraging proponents and critics alike to evaluate justice on the basis of its effects. Rationales that stress the results that international justice can help deliver have raised the expectations of proponents and skeptics alike and also encouraged further empirical study of the effects of justice. While these studies may not produce a consensus, they offer the prospect that justice strategies can be adapted based on careful research to be more effective. A focus on pragmatism does not mean abandoning the principled commitment to international justice, but it may mean deferring justice until conflict is resolved.
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“The most prominent arguments in international policy debates and advocacy campaigns about justice have stressed its effects on two types of outcomes: deterrence and peace, and democracy and the rule of law.9”
§ Deterrence, Democracy, and the Pursuit of International Justice > Arguing for Justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. Kim and Sikkink, ''Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions''; Tricia Olsen, Leigh Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter, Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, forthcoming);
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“By the late 1990s this latter argument had become far more central in the advocacy for justice.”
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“This shift has since become entrenched with the International Criminal Court's (ICC) indictments of leaders and rebels in Sudan and Uganda.”
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“Deterrence emerged as a central justification for pursuing investigations during the war in the Balkans.”
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“Proponents of justice, tribunals seeking to pursue it, and those who are evaluating its contributions have converged on a set of criteria for evaluating the work of international justice that emphasizes deterrence, peace, and the rule of law.7”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Orentlicher, ''Shrinking the Space for Denial.'' 32 For an excellent review of much of the research that attempts to evaluate the effects of transitional justice, see Thomas, Ron, and Paris, ''The Effects of Transitional Justice Mechanisms.'' For a recent study of the factors associated with transitional justice, see Laurel E. Fletcher, Harvey M. Weinstein, and Jamie Rowen, ''Context, Timing and the Dynamics of Transitional Justice: A Historical Perspective,'' Human Rights Quarterly 31, no. 1 (2009), pp. 163-220.
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- [7]7. Orentlicher, ''Shrinking the Space for Denial.'' 32 For an excellent review of much of the research that attempts to evaluate the effects of transitional justice, see Thomas, Ron, and Paris, ''The Effects of Transitional Justice Mechanisms.'' For a recent study of the factors associated with transitional justice, see Laurel E. Fletcher, Harvey M. Weinstein, and Jamie Rowen, ''Context, Timing and the Dynamics of Transitional Justice: A Historical Perspective,'' Human Rights Quarterly 31, no. 1 (2009), pp. 163-220.
- [8]8. Human Rights Watch, ''Selling Justice Short.'' 34 Orentlicher, ''Shrinking the Space for Denial,'' p. 16. 35 Sikkink and Walling, ''The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America,'' pp. 427-45;
- [9]9. Kim and Sikkink, ''Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions''; Tricia Olsen, Leigh Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter, Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, forthcoming);
- [10]10. Tricia Olsen, Leigh Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter, ''The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy,'' Human Rights Quarterly 32, no. 4 (forthcoming); Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Jon Elster & Scott Gates, ''Civil War and Transitional Justice, 1946-2003: A Dataset'' (paper presented to the workshop ''Transitional Justice in the Settlement of Conflicts and Kidnapping,'' Bogotá, Colombia, October 18-19, 2005); available at www.svt.ntnu.no/iss/helga.binningsbo/card/Binningsbo Elster Gates131005.pdf (acc- essed January 31, 2010); and Tove Grete Lie, Helga Malmin Binningsbø & Scott Gates, ''Post-Conflict Justice and Sustainable Peace'' (Post-conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 5, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4191, 2007).
- [11]11. Thomas, Ron, and Paris, ''The Effects of Transitional Justice Mechanisms.'' Others note that since 1945, wars that have been followed by sustained peace have more often than not achieved these results in the absence of accountability. Leslie Vinjamuri, ''Is Accountability Necessary for Sustained Peace?'' (presented at the conference ''Pursuing Justice in Ongoing Conflict: Examining the Challenges,'' Wilton Park, December 2008).
- [15]15. Tricia D. Olsen, Leigh A. Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter, ''Transitional Justice in the World, 1970-2007: Insights from a New Dataset,'' Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 6 (forthcoming). On trends in amnesties, see Louise Mallinder, Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide (Portland, Ore.: Hart Publishing, 2008). See also Mark Freeman, Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vinjamuri, L.
- Corresponding author
- Vinjamuri, Leslie
- Venue
- Ethics & International Affairs
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-211
- ISSN
- 0892-6794 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-7093
- OpenAlex
- W2019756626
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 16.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ethics & International Affairs (publishedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Law and Human Rights
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › War, Law, and Justice
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Global Peace and Security Dynamics
- Keywords
- international justice, deterrence, democracy, mass atrocities, prosecution of heads of state, transitional justice, peacebuilding, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, state reconstruction, rule of law
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