Cited by 185Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsSimulation and Modeling Applications

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Development and early evaluation of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system for combat‐related PTSD

Rizzo, Albert “Skip”, Difede, JoAnn, Rothbaum, Barbara O., Reger, Greg, Spitalnick, Josh, Cukor, Judith, Mclay, Rob·2010·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x

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Abstract

Numerous reports indicate that the growing incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) military personnel is creating a significant health care and economic challenge. These findings have served to motivate research on how to better develop and disseminate evidence‐based treatments for PTSD. Virtual reality‐delivered exposure therapy for PTSD has been previously used with reports of positive outcomes. The current paper will detail the development and early results from use of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system. The system consists of a series of customizable virtual scenarios designed to represent relevant Middle Eastern contexts for exposure therapy, including a city and desert road convoy environment. The process for gathering user‐centered design feedback from returning OEF/OIF military personnel and from a system deployed in Iraq (as was needed to iteratively evolve the system) will be discussed, along with a brief summary of results from an open clinical trial using Virtual Iraq with 20 treatment completers, which indicated that 16 no longer met PTSD checklist‐military criteria for PTSD after treatment.

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Authors: Rizzo, A. “., Difede, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Reger, G., Spitalnick, J., Cukor, J., & Mclay, R.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
Emory University (US)
Madigan Army Medical Center (US)
Naval Medical Center San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Rizzo, Albert “Skip”
ORCID: Rizzo, Albert “Skip”
Difede, JoAnn
Rothbaum, Barbara O.
Reger, Greg
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 1208
Issue: 1
Pages: 114-125
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x
OpenAlex: W2170151134
Cited by: 185
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 8.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 17 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Simulation and Modeling Applications
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, combat-related PTSD, virtual reality exposure therapy, military personnel, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War, user-centered design, virtual scenarios
MeSH terms: Adult, Computers, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Software, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, User-Computer Interface, Veterans, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Young Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-

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Development and early evaluation of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system for combat‐related PTSD

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