The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism'
Open accessAbstract
Islamic feminism has gained currency since the 1990s and has become the label for a new brand of feminist scholarship and activism that is associated with Islam. But this article argues that the composite term ‘Islamic feminism’ has become so loaded with disputed meanings and implications, so enmeshed in local and global political struggles, that it is no longer useful in any kind of descriptive or analytical sense. I reflect on the term in the light of developments since the 1990s, and argue that the ‘war on terror’ has further complicated the situation. Alternative approaches to the study of women's activism are put forward, including the examination of the personal, sociopolitical trajectories of so-called Islamic feminists, in their own specific contexts. Such an approach to women's agency must be understood in an unfolding reality, in which both political Islam and international and secular feminism have manifestly failed in practice to secure justice for women and have lost credibility and legitimacy.
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1 Valid · 5 Not valid · 11 Not checked · 50 Own results and interpretations
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In the paper
“The only women in Iran who had difficulty with the term were those activists who either were working with government organisations or remained loyal to the early gender discourse of the Islamic Republic.”
§ Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism' > 3 The emergence of feminist voices in Islam
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“As the term gained currency in the late 1990s, most of those defined by academics and journalists as 'Islamic feminists' rejected either the 'Islamic' or the 'feminist' part of the term.”
§ Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism' > 3 The emergence of feminist voices in Islam
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Women in Musawah seek just such engagements with proponents of supposedly authentic but patriarchal versions of the Islamic legal tradition.”
§ Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism' > 5 New spaces, new voices
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In the paper
“in her last book, Gilligan portrays Ayaan Hirsi Ali as the model of resistance to patriarchy in Islamic contexts (Gilligan and Richards 2009: 254).”
§ Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism' > 4 The personal is political
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- Not matchedcites Gilligan and Richards 2009: 254
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In the paper
“Without this distinction, reinterpretation and legal change become difficult or impossible.”
§ Beyond 'Islam' vs 'Feminism' > 2 Questions to ask
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Citations
Cites
Feminism in Islam: secular and religious convergences
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-4952 · Cited by 398
Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents: Toward a Resolution of the Debate
Moghadam, V. M. (2002) · Signs · doi:10.1086/339639 · Cited by 371
Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism
Mir‐Hosseini, Z. (2006) · Critical Inquiry · doi:10.1086/508085 · Cited by 322
Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran
Brown, L. C., & Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2000) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049698 · Cited by 286
Self-citationMarriage on Trial: Islamic Family Law in Iran and Morocco
(1993) · doi:10.5040/9780755612277 · Cited by 121
Islam and gender: the religious debate in contemporary Iran
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-5757 · Cited by 120
Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran
Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2000) · Princeton University Press · doi:10.1515/9781400843596 · Cited by 120
Self-citationSchmugge, L. (2012) · Catholic University of America Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt3fgpfx · Cited by 115
Women and politics in the Third World
Randall, V. (1997) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624297 · Cited by 105
The deepening darkness: patriarchy, resistance, and democracy's future
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-7074 · Cited by 91
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Anwar , Zainah 2009 ‘Zainah Anwar on Islam and Muslim Feminism’ http://www.ummid.com/news/October/17.10.2009/zainah_anwer_on_islam.htm · DOI
- Mir-Hosseini, 2010b, Anthropology of Iran, 180
- Mir-Hosseini, 2009a, Wanted: Equality and Justice in the Muslim Family
- Mir-Hosseini, 2009c, ‘In Search of Equality: from London to Kuala Lumpur’, The Middle East in London, 6, 3
- Mir-Hosseini, 2007, Voices of Islam, Voices of Diversity and Change, Vol 5, 85
- Mir-Hosseini, 2002, Civil Society in Comparative Muslim Contexts, 95
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Muslim women and domestic violence: Developing a framework for social work practice
Ghafournia, N. (2017) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2017.1313150 · Cited by 72
“…due to women’s demand for gender equality and anticolonialist and nationalist movements in Muslim countries in the first part of the 20th century (Mir Hosseini, 2011, p. 67), when feminism “functioned to morally justify the attacks on native (Muslim) societies and to support the notion of the…”
BackgroundInfluentialWomen and Gender in Iraq: Between Nation-Building and Fragmentation
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517 · Cited by 64
Rezai-Rashti, G. M. (2015) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2015.1045457 · Cited by 48
“For an in-depth discussion of this topic, see Moghadam (2002), also see Mir-Hosseini (2011) and Kian (1997).”
BackgroundRabaan, H., Young, A. L., & Dombrowski, L. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432923 · Cited by 40
The Challenges of Islamic Feminism
Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2019) · Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research · doi:10.13060/25706578.2019.20.2.486 · Cited by 26
“2 There is extensive literature on this; see in particular Hoodfar 1997, 2003; Scott 2007; Mir-Hosseini 2011b | 112 | ESEJ / ESSAY But as the twentieth century ended, this choice began to dissolve.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWomen and Gender in Iraq : Between Nation Building and Fragmentation
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cited by 26
Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco
Ennaji, M. (2016) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci5040075 · Cited by 37
Negotiating Gendered Religious Space: Australian Muslim Women and the Mosque
Ghafournia, N. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11120686 · Cited by 25
van den Brandt, N. (2019) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2019.1642261 · Cited by 29
“Both in academic and activist debates, the term ‘ Islamic feminism ’ as well as its referents are subjects of controversy and disagreement (Badran 2001; Winter 2001; Moghadam 2002; Tohidi 2003; Mir-Hosseini 2011).”
Support for feminism among highly religious Muslim citizens in the Arab region
Glas, S., & Spierings, N. (2019) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510819x15538590890492 · Cited by 25
“These results echo in-depth studies’ distinctions between religious feminist activists and Islamic feminist activists, with the former ‘merely’ being both highly religious and feminist while the latter actively employ religion for feminist ends (cf Badran, 2005; Selim, 2005; Mir-Hosseini, 2011; El Haitami, 2016).”
BackgroundResultIndicators of Social Change in the UAE: College Students’ Attitudes Toward Love, Marriage and Family
Wang, Y., & Kassam, M. (2016) · Journal of Arabian Studies · doi:10.1080/21534764.2016.1192791 · Cited by 25
(2016) · doi:10.17645/pag.v4i4.767 · Cited by 20
“(e.g., Mir-Hosseini, 2011).”
Global Contestations of Gender Rights
Scheele, A., Roth, J., & Winkel, H. (2022) · Bielefeld University Press / transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839460696 · Cited by 34
Islamism and Gender Relations in the Muslim World as Reflected in Recent World Values Survey Data
Tausch, A., & Heshmati, A. (2016) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/204.2016.38.4.1 · Cited by 16
“But Feminists from the Muslim world themselves increasingly criticize Western Feminism for overlooking “oppressive gender relations” in the non-Western world, and there seems to be some consensus in this literature (Mojab, 2001; Mir-Hosseini, 2011) that the Islamist rallying cry of ‘Return to Shari’a’ led to regressiv…”
BackgroundHashtag activism: tactical maneuvering in an online anti-mandatory hijab movement
Basmechi, F., Barnes, D., & Heydari, M. (2022) · Sociological spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2021.2024467 · Cited by 12
“…believe that mandatory hijab laws create an opportunity for women to represent themselves in public more, others contend that the legal mandate is an indicator of backwardness and gender inequality (Afshar 2000; Hoodfar 1999; Keddie 2007; Kian 1997; Mir-Hosseini 2011; Sedghi 2007; Shirazi 2001).”
BackgroundControl over Muslim Women's Bodies: A Critical Review
Babakhani, A. (2022) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12529 · Cited by 21
Political identity: feminists and feminism in Iran
(2022) · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2022.2118240 · Cited by 11
“Based on whether an Islamic or non-Islamic approach is taken by women in Iran, studies on Iranian feminists and women activists report two different categories of Iranian women’s rights activists: secular and Islamic (e.g., Ahmadi 2006; Mir-Hosseini 2011; Tohidi 2016).”
BackgroundMuslim Women’s Religious Leadership: The Case of Australian Mosques
Ghafournia, N. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13060534 · Cited by 10
The Colonial–Religious Institutional Contract: Muslim Women Activists in Israel
Ashqar-Sharary, N., & Abu‐Rabia‐Queder, S. (2020) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaa002 · Cited by 9
Abbas, L., & Elhosary, M. (2025) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2024.2431332 · Cited by 10
“Others argue that hijab reflects back-wardness and gender injustice, especially since a great deal of veiled women wear their hijab for personal reasons, including peer pressure and parental control, rather than for religious motives (Mir‐Hosseini, 2011; Sedghi, 2007).”
Global Contestations of Gender Rights
Roth, J., Scheele, A., & Winkel, H. (2022) · Bielefeld University Press / transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839460696-001 · Cited by 9
Is There Feminism in Saudi Arabia?
Hoza, J. L. (2019) · UF Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.32473/ufjur.v20i2.106192 · Cited by 8
The Silent Desire: Islam, Women's Sexuality and the Politics of Patriarchy in Indonesia
Riyani, I. (2016) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 8
Islam and Gender in the Thought of a Critical-Progressive Muslim Scholar-Activist: Ziba Mir-Hosseini
Duderija, A. (2014) · Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations · doi:10.1080/09596410.2014.931043 · Cited by 8
“(2) As a knowledge project, it reveals and explains why certain interpretations (i.e. patriarchal) of Islamic legal tradition became more prevalent and others (e.g. egalitarian) were suppressed (Mir-Hosseini 2011b, 72–73).”
BackgroundInfluentialMiddle Eastern Feminisms: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Turkish and the Iranian Experience
Durmuş, D. (2018) · Comparative and Continental Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17570638.2018.1531465 · Cited by 7
“Mir-Hosseini stated that “discussion of the imposition of hejab, soon after the revolution was one of those red lines that no one had dared to cross and no criticism of official policy had been tolerated” (Mir-Hosseini 2011, 41).”
BackgroundMuslim Feminist Hermeneutical Method to the Qur'an (Analytical Study to the Method of Amina Wadud)
Riyani, I. (2017) · Ulumuna · doi:10.20414/ujis.v21i2.320 · Cited by 7
Tausch, A. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2731640 · Cited by 7
Chaudhry, A. S. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55747-6_2 · Cited by 7
Is an “Islamic Feminism” Possible?: Gender Politics in the Contemporary Islamic Republic of Iran
Gashtili, P. (2013) · Philosophical Topics · doi:10.5840/philtopics201341218 · Cited by 8
Jones, J. (2020) · Modern Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0026749x1900043x · Cited by 6
Beidollahkhani, A. (2024) · International Journal of Cultural Policy · doi:10.1080/10286632.2024.2444458 · Cited by 7
“…bodies and hijab, as well as their political systems’ assertions of representing political Islam, whether Shia or Sunni, within the Muslim world (Babakhani 2022; Mir-Hosseini 2011) This does not imply that other Islamic movements and tendencies within Islam do not aim to regulate and control women.”
The Veil: A Silhouette of Autonomy and Empowerment
Abbas, S. Z. (2023) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x221115852 · Cited by 4
“It may prevent the essentialized women as an undifferentiated mob in Islam, unified by their belief (Moghissi, 2011).”
BackgroundWomen’s Studies and transformative politics: an Arab-Muslim perspective
Ibrahim, H. (2012) · Learning and Teaching in Higher Education Gulf Perspectives · doi:10.18538/lthe.v9.n2.99 · Cited by 4
“Both Mir-Hosseini (2011; 2010) and Mahmood (2005; 2009) are critical of the ever escalating exchange between ‘secular feminists’, on the one hand, and the possibility of an ‘Islamic feminism’, on the other.”
BackgroundIslamophobia as Intersectional Phenomenon
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“See generally Devji (1991); Hashmi (2000); Mir-Hosseini (2011); Razavi & Jenichen (2010) and Sobhan (1994).”
BackgroundMuslim Women and Gender Stereotypes in 'New Times'
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Alkadi, F., Calvard, T. S., & Gottardello, D. (2025) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-09-2024-0691 · Cited by 4
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“For example, Mir-Hosseini (2011), a self-proclaimed Islamic feminist works within the Iranian system and interprets Islamic Sharia in favour of women.”
Hashtag feminism: identity politics and the politicization of social change in Iran
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“Rejecting to identify themselves with the label “feminism” as a Eurocentric construct, they had their heyday during president Khatami’s presidency, which is recognized with “journalistic feminism” (Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani 1391/2012; Ziba Mir-Hosseini 2011).”
Tadros, M., Mader, P., & Cheeseman, K. (2023) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781529229066 · Cited by 3
Elsadda, H. (2019) · Journal of Feminist Scholarship · doi:10.23860/jfs.2019.16.04 · Cited by 2
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The women's movement in Turkey.
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Yılmaz, İ. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4660-2_5
The (In)Visibility of Equality: A Critique of Islamic-Legal Feminism discourse in Iran
Azizabadi, Z., & Heydari, A. (2025) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2025.2576794 · Cited by 2
“Mir‐Hosseini (2000, 2006, 2011, 2015) sees Islamic feminism emerging through reinter-pretation ( ijtihad ) within Islamic legal traditions, while Haideh Moghissi (1999, 2011) adopts a secular critique, warning that religious frameworks compromise feminist goals and obscure structural inequalities.”
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Nemat, O. A., & Wimpelmann, T. (2025) · Conflict Security and Development · doi:10.1080/14678802.2025.2595979 · Cited by 3
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“In contrast, Mir-Hosseini (2011) defines Islamist feminism as a movement that defended women against the regime after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and Moghadam (2002) explains the development of Islamist feminism in Iran in a similar fashion.”
Gómez, I. R. (2024) · Agora papeles de Filosofía · doi:10.15304/ag.43.2.9127
Notwithstanding Minority Rights
Narain, V., & Young, M. E. (2024) · Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel · doi:10.21991/cf29464
Interrogating the Gender and Religious Equality Nexus
Tadros, M. (2023) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781529229066-013
Basmechi, F. (2021) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1808418
Kreile, R. (2019) · Geschlecht & Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-12496-0_147
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.003
Kurdish Women’s Activism in Iraqi Kurdistan
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.007
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Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.004
The Emergence of Women’s Groups and Networks: After the Fall of the Ba‘th Regime
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.006
Experiencing the Invasion and Occupation and the Women of the New Regime
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.005
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Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.008
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.012
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.001
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Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.009
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Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.010
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.011
Ali, Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120517.002
Kreile, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-12500-4_147-1
La cooptación del feminismo islámico en el euro-islam y la pérdida de la liberación
Merali, A. (2014) · Tabula rasa · doi:10.25058/20112742.5
All Quiet on the Western Front – the Loss of Radical Islamic Feminism at the Hands of Euro-Islam
Merali, A. (2012) · doi:10.22059/ijwr.2012.24958
“Mir-Hosseini (2010) states that Islamic feminism is the ‘unwanted child of political Islam’.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Mir-Hosseini, Z.
- Venue
- IDS Bulletin
- Publisher
- Institute of Development Studies
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-77
- ISSN
- 0265-5012 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100452096
- Semantic Scholar
- 364152742a5c8da8cf6fffb3c3e77b49ce25d5d9
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 15.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- opendocs.ids.ac.uk
- Locations
- IDS Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- OpenDocs (Institute of Development Studies) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Islamic Studies and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminism, Gender, and Intersectionality
- Keywords
- Islamic feminism, conceptual analysis, women's activism, women's agency, war on terror, political Islam, secular feminism, gender justice, feminist scholarship
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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