The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The city and the child.
Abstract
The incidence of psychosocial problems of various kinds tends to be much higher in the inner cities than in areas of small towns or in rural communities. This paper explores the mechanisms likely to contribute to this difference, and considers the implications for mental health practitioners and policy makers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.22.6.723 · Cited by 7,699
Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005501003 · Cited by 529
Neighborhood risk factors for low birthweight in Baltimore: a multilevel analysis.
O'Campo, P., Xue, X., Wang, M. C., & Caughy, M. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.7.1113 · Cited by 462
Mason, C. A., Cauce, A. M., Gonzales, N., & Hiraga, Y. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01847.x · Cited by 248
Children in low-income, urban settings: Interventions to promote mental health and well-being.
Black, M. M., & Krishnakumar, A. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.635 · Cited by 214
Metadata
- Authors
- Rutter, M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
- Published
- 1981-10
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 610-625
- ISSN
- 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0025
- OpenAlex
- W2027349155
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The city and the child. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01407.x
- The paper
- Rutter, M. (1981). The city and the child. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01407.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
