Levels of processing: A critique
Abstract
The theoretical approach to problems of memory proposed by Craik & Lockhart (1972) is evaluated critically. Their conceptual framework has the advantage of directing attention to mental events and processes, but there are several difficulties. They suggested that retentivity is a function of the depth and spread of processing, but there are no suitable criteria available for indexing either the depth or the spread of encoding. Furthermore, encoding depth and spread appear to affect the retrieval component of recall, but are largely irrelevant to the determination of retrieval strategies and to the decision component involved in recall and in recognition.
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Some empirical evidence for the involvement load hypothesis in vocabulary acquisition
Hulstijn, J. H., & Laufer, B. (2001) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00164 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
List learning of second language vocabulary
Griffin, G., & Harley, T. A. (1996) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400008195 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
- Authors
- Eysenck, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Eysenck, Michael W.
- ORCID
- Eysenck, Michael W.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-169
- ISSN
- 0007-1269 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8295
- OpenAlex
- W2136299847
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- levels of processing, memory encoding, memory retrieval, recognition memory, memory theory
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