Qualitative research and psychological theorizing

“A more fundamental epistemological issue (present in all research activity, although more visible in qualitative studies) is the researchers’ inevitable contribution of their personal constructions of the world to the interpretation of the respondents’ accounts.( 28 ) In our case, the researchers’ views were likely st…”

“According to Henwood and Pidgeon (1992) , this increases the transferability of the findings to other contexts.”

“As this is an underresearched (and undertheorized) area of body image, a qualitative approach to understanding the role of clothing in body management was deemed appropriate since qualitative approaches are ideal for conducting exploratory research, generating future research questions, and guiding theory development…”

“(See Henwood and Pidgeon, 1992, 1995 for a related discussion of the issue of validity, grounded theory and psychological research.”

“Thus ‘‘rather than working from a priori assumptions’’ (Filstead, 1971, p. 6) theory was ‘‘generated in the course of close inspection and analysis’’ (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992, p. 103).”

“Drawing upon principles of grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998), themes were continuously compared against the data using a constant comparative approach (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“Another key feature of interviewing is reflexivity, which Exploring Musical Preferences 407 refers to the ways in which the researcher implicitly and explicitly shapes the research process and data analysis (Banister et al. 1994; Henwood & Pidgeon 1992).”

“Stages of analysis were informed by Henwood and Pidgeon (1992), Miles and Huberman (1994), Pope and Mays (1995), Charmaz (1995) and Strauss and Corbin (1998).”

“‘Rather than working from a priori assumptions’ (Filstead, 1971, p. 6) theory was ‘generated in the course of close inspection and analysis’ (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992, p. 103).”

“…to the criticism that by espousing an inductive and positivist form of theory development, Glaser and Strauss’s (1967) original methodology contradicts the relativist epistemological assumptions of the larger qualitative paradigm within which it is positioned (see Henwood and Pidgeon, 1992).”

“Instances where the data appeared to contradict the initial analysis were highlighted and subsequently discussed by members of the team to establish whether refinement of the wider analysis was necessary.(28) 29 When new data failed to give further insight into the evolving themes, this was considered to signify thema…”

“…the process of grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990), the method of constant comparison (i.e., where emergent patterns in the data direct future sampling procedures (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992) resulted in some of the initial interview questions becoming redundant, while others were elaborated.”

“Whereas a quantitative approach requires that the researcher-as explorer assign possible categories to the outcomes from the outset, a qualitative approach is both mal leable and sensitive to the relevant context of the sub ject (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“Responses were recorded verbatim and later analysed following the approaches used by “grounded theory” (see Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992; Rennie, Phillips, & Quartaro, 1988; Strauss & Corbin, 1990).”

“As is typical during Grounded Theory, the method of constant comparison (i.e., where emergent patterns in the data direct future sampling procedures; Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992) resulted in some of the initial interview questions becoming redundant, whereas others were elaborated.”

“Analysis was conducted separately by the authors thus increasing trustworthiness of the analysis (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992 ) and themes were agreed through discussion.”

“A number of steps were taken to ensure the trustworthiness of the analysis including a comprehensive sampling strategy, seeking deviant cases to test emerging patterns in the data, use of researchers from different disciplinary background (Henwood and Pidgeon, 1992).”

“A negative case analysis deliberately seeks cases that appear to contradict working hypotheses and, through constant comparative analysis, systematically explores differences in the data corpus (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“The other native French speaking author (CS) who led the sessions, then read the transcriptions and worked closely with JM, to build the category scheme via an ongoing conversation to achieve consensus and avoid conflicts in the analysis (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“The entire research process was, therefore, tracked and documented at each stage and an audit trail created, thus, emphasizing reflexivity and opening up this study to independent scrutiny ( Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992 ).”

“The main strengths of this paper are its ability to provide firsthand data from members of marginalised communities, approached purposively through local third sector organisations, and the increased trustworthiness of the analysis through participation of researchers from a number of disciplines [43].”

“Consistent with the aims of qualitative research (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992), our intent is not to generalize our findings to a broad population but rather to contribute to theoretical developments in cultural psychology and psychiatry regarding the legacy of colonialism.”

“Content analysis within a grounded theoretical framework was used for textual analysis according to Silverman (2006) and Henwood and Pidgeon (1992).”

“Stages of analysis were informed by Henwood & Pidgeon (1992), Miles & Huberman (1994), Pope & Mays (1995), Charmaz (1995) and Strauss & Corbin (1998).”

“This is conducive to an interpretative research paradigm in which there is a move from ‘a move from data towards theory’ (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992, p. 101).”

“These form a ‘paper chain’ of evidence which remains accessible for checking (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992; Huberman & Miles, 1994).”

“Steps taken to increase the trustworthiness of the study (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992) included the keeping of a reflexive diary as well as the use of theoretical sampling (data analysis driving further recruitment of participants, to maximise the diversity of information obtained; Lincoln & Guba,…”

“This two rater process was intended to increase the dependability and credibility of the dataset (Lincoln and Guba 1985; see also Henwood and Pidgeon 1992).”

“A qualitative approach was seen as the most suitable methodology to investigate adolescents’ experiences of spirituality because of its emphasis on description rather than explanation and the emphasis on representation of reality through the eyes of participants (Henwood and Pidgeon 1992 ).”

“…health problems, their social context, prognosis and the many other factors specific to individuals’ personal situations provide a compelling rationale for the expanded use of qualitative methods which can capture these data and convey them meaningfully to others (e.g. Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“It is acknowledged that the research team’s prior knowledge, assumptions and experiences inevitably affected the analysis and so, reflexivity was essential to ensure the research was rigorous and credible [41, 42].”

“Data analysis was conducted by four researchers (AM, HB, TK, CCG) from various disciplinary backgrounds, this increased the trustworthiness of the analysis [31].”

“This issue of transferability, or how findings apply to similar contexts from which they have arisen (Henwood & Pigeon, 1992 ), should be considered due to the heterogeneous nature of the CFS/ME population and the fluctuating course of the condition.”

“Qualitative studies were evaluated using criteria drawn from Spencer, Ritchie, Lewis, and dillon (2003) and Henwood and Pidgeon (1992).”

“To enable respondent validation (Henwood and Pidgeon, 1992), participating experts were sent a copy of the model and invited to comment.”

“With theoretical sampling, there is no compunction to sample multiple cases which do not “…extend or modify emerging theory” ( Henwood and Pidgeon, 1993 ).”

“…of qualitative as opposed to quantitative social sciences research is that it can be generative of new hypotheses or theoretical observations, as here, which is a necessary if sometimes overlooked component of the scientific method and scientific progress as a whole (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“Interview transcripts were read, annotated, and categorised independently by researchers of different professional backgrounds (Psychology, Primary Care, Nursing) to increase reliability of the analysis [28].”

“Guidelines for ensuring rigour in qualitative research were followed to establish a quality control framework (Henwood and Pidgeon 1992 , Mays and Pope 2000 , Yardley 2000 , Stiles 2003 ).”

“Steps to enhance trustworthiness aimed to ensure that project findings accurately represented participants’ viewpoints [39].”

“Quotations illustrate the themes generated and support the interpretations made (33).”

“Steps taken to increase the trustworthiness of the study (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992) included the keeping of a reflexive diary by the interviewer (to highlight guiding biases, assumptions and beliefs, and to provide an audit trail) as well as the use of member checking, theoretical sampling and…”

“This includes health services researchers with medical sociology and psychological science backgrounds, GPs, and patient and public involvement members; thus, increasing the credibility and trustworthiness of the analysis [23, 24].”

“Secondly, it is used to describe a particular method which involves specific analytical strategies for handling ill-structured qualitative data (Henwood and Pidgeon 1995). The analytical strategies recommended by Glaser and Strauss (1967) and by Strauss and Corbin (1990) attempt to make explicit much of what is left i…”

“(Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992, p. 99).”

“In order to analyse the grid data we began by generating categories in line with the processes of grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992).”

“This normative approach to analysing qualitative data differs from the ''grounded'' approach often used in psychological and sociological research, which classifies the data without Ž . explicit normative reference to pre-existing theory Pidgeon and Henwood, 1992 .”

“At what point does private reflective practice or the carrying out of the assumed norm of professional behaviour become (action) research and ‘legitimate inquiry and warrantable knowledge’ (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1993, p. 15)?”

“NVivo is a software program that can be used to save, manage, and analyze qualitative data and open-ended questions (EdwardsJones, 2014).”

“Data were collected and analyzed by researchers from different professional backgrounds, thus increasing trustworthiness of the analysis [20].”