Effects of Testosterone Treatment on Bone Mineral Density in Hypogonadal Men Receiving Intrathecal Opioids

Background Opioid induced depression of sex hormones is a common finding in chronic pain patients receiving long‐term opioids by oral, parenteral and even intrathecal routes of administration. The hypothalamic suppression by opioids leads to a hypogonadal state with low testosterone levels in mal…