The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Energy availability and the female athlete triad in elite endurance athletes
Open accessAbstract
The female athlete triad (T riad), links low energy availability (EA), with menstrual dysfunction (MD), and impaired bone health. The aims of this study were to examine associations between EA/MD and energy metabolism and the prevalence of T riad‐associated conditions in endurance athletes. Forty women [26.2 ± 5.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 20.6 ± 2.0 kg/m 2, body fat 20.0 ± 3.0%], exercising 11.4 ± 4.5 h/week, were recruited from national teams and competitive clubs. Protocol included gynecological examination; assessment of bone health; indirect respiratory calorimetry; diet and exercise measured 7 days to assess EA; eating disorder (ED) examination; blood analysis. Subjects with low/reduced EA (< 45 kcal/kg FFM/day), had lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared with those with optimal EA [28.4 ± 2.0 kcal/kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/day vs 30.5 ± 2.2 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.01], as did subjects with MD compared with eumenorrheic subjects (28.6 ± 2.4 kcal/kg FFM/day vs 30.2 ± 1.8 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.05). 63% had low/reduced EA, 25% ED, 60% MD, 45% impaired bone health, and 23% had all three Triad conditions. 53% had low RMR, 25% hypercholesterolemia, and 38% hypoglycemia. Conclusively, athletes with low/reduced EA and/or MD had lowered RMR. T riad‐associated conditions were common in this group of athletes, despite a normal BMI range. The high prevalence of ED, MD, and impaired bone health emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and treatment of energy deficiency.
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“they do occur, can impair growth and maturation, reduce bone mineral density, delay recovery, compromise immune function and increase injury risk [14,15,107–109].”
From Dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and behavior in youth team sport athletes: a scoping review and call to advance research and practice (2026) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“Notably, the researchers in a study on 40 Danish and Swedish female national teams and competitive clubs found an association between the reduced energy availability and higher LDL cholesterol [77].”
From Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
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Cites
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554
Self-citationMountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502 · Cited by 1,469 · cited 4×
“The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has recently published a new Consensus Statement, introducing a new concept, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S; Mountjoy et al., 2014), that replaces the previous statement concerning the Triad (Drinkwater et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLow energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
Loucks, A. B., Verdun, M., Heath, E. M., & (With the Technical Assistance of T. Law, S. A. J. R. T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 · Cited by 539 · cited 1×
“The subjects with MD had, furthermore, lower blood glucose compared with eumenorrheic subjects, and earlier research has suggested that GnRH neuron activity and LH pulsatility are regulated by brain glucose availability (Loucks et al., 1998; Loucks, 2006).”
ResultRedman, L. M., Heilbronn, L. K., Martin, C. K., de Jonge, L., Williamson, D. A., Delany, J. P., Ravussin, E., & for the Pennington CALERIE team (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004377 · Cited by 355
Goldsmith, R., Joanisse, D. R., Gallagher, D., Pavlovich, K., Shamoon, E., Leibel, R. L., & Rosenbaum, M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00053.2009 · Cited by 171
Endocrine manifestations of eating disorders
Warren, M. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2304 · Cited by 134
Cited by
IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A. K., Meyer, N. L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193 · Cited by 883
Self-citationMountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 974
Self-citationMountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447
Self-citationHeikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., Bergland, D., Mero, A. A., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313 · Cited by 318
Logue, D. M., Madigan, S. M., Melin, A., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Donnell, S.-J. M., & Corish, C. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030835 · Cited by 321
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Melin, A., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Møller, S. S., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., Faber, J., Sidelmann, J. J., Aziz, M., & Sjödin, A.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-05-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 610-622
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W1770799467
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 10.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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