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A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator
Open accessAbstract
This study compared the efficacy and safety of a human acellular dermal matrix (ADM), D‐ADM, with a conventional care arm and an active comparator human ADM arm, GJ‐ADM, for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. The study design was a prospective, randomized controlled trial that enrolled 168 diabetic foot ulcer subjects in 13 centers across 9 states. Subjects in the ADM arms received one application but could receive one additional application of ADM if deemed necessary. Screen failures and early withdrawals left 53 subjects in the D‐ADM arm, 56 in the conventional care arm, and 23 in the GJ‐ADM arm (2:2:1 ratio). Subjects were followed through 24 weeks with major endpoints at Weeks 12, 16, and 24. Single application D‐ADM subjects showed significantly greater wound closure rates than conventional care at all three endpoints while all applications D‐ADM displayed a significantly higher healing rate than conventional care at Week 16 and Week 24. GJ‐ADM did not show a significantly greater healing rate over conventional care at any of these time points. A blinded, third party adjudicator analyzed healing at Week 12 and expressed “strong” agreement (κ = 0.837). Closed ulcers in the single application D‐ADM arm remained healed at a significantly greater rate than the conventional care arm at 4 weeks posttermination (100% vs. 86.7%; p = 0.0435). There was no significant difference between GJ‐ADM and conventional care for healed wounds remaining closed. Single application D‐ADM demonstrated significantly greater average percent wound area reduction than conventional care for Weeks 2–24 while single application GJ‐ADM showed significantly greater wound area reduction over conventional care for Weeks 4–6, 9, and 11–12. D‐ADM demonstrated significantly greater wound healing, larger wound area reduction, and a better capability of keeping healed wounds closed than conventional care in the treatment of chronic DFUs.
Overview
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TL;DR
In a multicenter randomized controlled trial of 168 chronic diabetic foot ulcer subjects, a human acellular dermal matrix (D-ADM) achieved significantly higher healing rates than conventional care, while the active comparator human ADM (GJ-ADM) did not show significantly greater healing than conventional care at the studied endpoints. D-ADM also produced greater wound area reduction and better maintenance of healed wounds at 4 weeks posttermination.
Key findings
- In the per-protocol population, single-application D-ADM had significantly greater healing than conventional care at Week 12 (65.0% vs. 41.1%; HR 1.969; 95% CI 1.1–3.5; p=0.0123), Week 16 (82.5% vs. 48.1%; HR 2.397; 95% CI 1.4–4.1; p=0.0003), and Week 24 (89.7% vs. 67.3%; HR 2.107; 95% CI 1.3–3.5; p=0.0008). Median time to healing was 9.0 weeks for single-application D-ADM vs. 16.5 weeks for conventional care (p=0.0020).
- All-application D-ADM also showed significantly greater healing than conventional care at Week 16 (67.9% vs. 48.1%; HR 1.716; 95% CI 1.04–2.831; p=0.0283) and Week 24 (83.7% vs. 67.3%; HR 1.546; 95% CI 0.9821–2.435; p=0.0489). GJ-ADM did not show a significantly greater healing rate over conventional care at any time point, and no significant differences were seen between GJ-ADM and conventional care or between D-ADM and GJ-ADM.
- Healed ulcers in the single-application D-ADM arm remained closed at a significantly higher rate than conventional care at 4 weeks posttermination (100% [29/29] vs. 86.7% [26/30]; p=0.0435); GJ-ADM was 88.9% (8/9; p=0.8629 vs. conventional care). Single-application D-ADM demonstrated significantly greater average percent wound area reduction than conventional care for Weeks 2–24, while single-application GJ-ADM showed significantly greater reduction for Weeks 4–6, 9, and 11–12.
- No adverse events or serious adverse events were deemed related to the procedure or study product by site investigators. One death occurred in the D-ADM arm after healing and was determined not related to study procedures or product. Osteomyelitis was the most common severe infection: 5.6% in D-ADM, 5.9% in conventional care, and 10.7% in GJ-ADM.
Methods
- Prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label trial enrolling 168 diabetic foot ulcer subjects at 13 outpatient wound care centers across 9 states; subjects were randomized 2:2:1 to D-ADM, conventional care, or GJ-ADM. ADM arms received one application and could receive one additional application if medically necessary; follow-up was through 24 weeks with major endpoints at Weeks 12, 16, and 24.
- Primary endpoint was proportion of chronic DFUs completely closed at 12 weeks, with complete closure defined as 100% reepithelialization without drainage or dressing requirements confirmed at two consecutive study visits 2 weeks apart. Secondary endpoints included proportion completely healed, time to closure, proportion of healed wounds remaining closed posttermination, percent wound area reduction, and safety.
- Analyses included Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier survivorship with Logrank (Mantel-Cox) tests, hazard ratios with 95% CIs, logistic regression, t tests, and Cohen’s kappa for interrater reliability; two-sided alpha was 0.05. A blinded third-party adjudicator assessed healing at Week 12 and expressed “strong” agreement (κ=0.837).
Limitations
- Stated: the trial was open-label and treatment could not be blinded to the implanting surgeon or subject because the ADM is visible on the wound surface; this was mitigated by blinded clinician review of wound images, laser-based wound area measurement, and a blinded third-party adjudicator. The GJ-ADM arm was not powered to detect a difference and was added only to establish a baseline ADM healing rate.
- Stated: the study was erroneously powered using healing rates from other human ADM studies that reported only single application with 12-week follow-up; all-subject healing did not become statistically significant until Week 15 even though percent wound area reduction was significant from Week 6. Multiple probability tests were applied without correcting related probabilities, and the effect of a second application was not considered during protocol development; timing criteria for second applications are not standardized. Wound depth data were not used because the Silhouette System had difficulty reliably determining depth.
- Stated/evident: the strict AHRQ healing definition may have artificially lowered the healing rate for as many as 9 D-ADM wounds (17% of the D-ADM arm) that could have been labeled healed in previous studies. The study was funded by LifeNet Health, the manufacturer of DermACELL, and some authors are employees of LifeNet Health (evident from the acknowledgements and conflict-of-interest statement).
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“In the intent to treat population (Figure 4), single application D-ADM demonstrated significantly greater healing over conventional care through endpoints at Week 16 (66.0%vs. 37.7%; HR 5 1.918; 95% CI 5 1.139-3.23;p 5 0.0093)”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > RESULTS
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“GJ-ADM did not show a significantly greater healing rate over conventional care at any time point.”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“while single application GJ-ADM showed significantly greater percent wound area reduction over conventional care for Weeks 4-6, 9, and 11-12”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In a week by week analysis (Figure 5), statistical significance was seen for one application D-ADM versus conventional care at weeks 7-24.”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Week 24 (70.0% vs. 49.3%;HR 5 1.589; 95% CI 5 0.9824-2.572;p 5 0.0442)”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Although the final follow-up wound area was similar between two treatment groups, the percentage area reduction (PAR) was demonstrated to be significantly increased in several studies [23, 26, 27, 31, 34].”
From Effectiveness and safety of dermal matrix used for diabetic foot ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > DISCUSSION
“The Kirsner et al. 43 study”
§ A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator > References
“43. Zelen CM, Orgill DP, Serena T, Galiano R, Carter MJ, DiDomenico LA, et al.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cazzell, S., Vayser, D., Pham, H., Walters, J., Reyzelman, A., Samsell, B., Dorsch, K., & Moore, M.
- Affiliations
- Limb Preservation Platform Valley Vascular Surgical Associates Fresno California
- ILD Research Center San Diego California
- Boston University (US)
- Southern Arizona VA Health Care System (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Lifenet Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cazzell, Shawn
- Venue
- Wound Repair and Regeneration
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 483-497
- ISSN
- 1067-1927 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-475X
- OpenAlex
- W2618058385
- Semantic Scholar
- ae43ab3357af91b591e3727c6adb7be1a7ed62c3
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Wound Repair and Regeneration (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- LifeNet Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- chronic diabetic foot ulcers, acellular dermal matrix, wound healing, wound closure, wound area reduction, conventional care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Collagen, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, United States, Wound Healing, Skin Transplantation, Treatment Outcome, Diabetic Foot, Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy, Standard of Care, Acellular Dermis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-13, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-13 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.