The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
La ‘política del lugar’: la Comuna afrodescendiente Playa de Oro, Esmeraldas - Ecuador
Open accessAbstract
El artículo versa sobre los agenciamientos territoriales de la Comuna afrodescendiente de Playa de Oro, localizada en Esmeraldas, cerca de la frontera colombo-ecuatoriana. Situada en márgenes del Rio Santiago, en los límites de la Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, Playa de Oro tiene paradigmas emblemáticos de gestión del territorio, los cuales apuntan hacia otros modelos culturales sobre la ‘naturaleza’ y sus usos y resguardos. Por medio de una reflexión sobre las ‘perspectivas del habitar’, el objetivo es una comprensión de esa ecología de vida, la cual se ocupa de esos decisivos procesos de compromiso histórico con el paisaje. Esa proposición busca comprender marcos conceptuales operados por los playadoreños en la gestión del territorio, traducidos a una ecología política de acción. Estos esfuerzos son significativos para comprehender los procesos realizados por los playadoreños para invertir la lógica de invisibilización de los pueblos afrodescendientes en América Latina y refrenar la usurpación de sus recursos naturales
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article examines how the Afro-descendant Comuna Playa de Oro, on the Santiago River in northern Esmeraldas, Ecuador, has historically defended its ancestral territory against logging, mining, and palm-oil expansion through what the author calls a "politics of place" (*política do lugar*). Drawing on ethnography conducted between 2011 and 2013, it argues that local ecological governance precedes and exceeds state preservationist frameworks such as the Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and the Socio Bosque program.
Key findings
- Playa de Oro's separation from the Comuna Río Santiago-Cayapas (a roughly five-year struggle, completed about sixteen years before the 2012 fieldwork) was driven by the need for autonomy over territory management, since the parent cabildo was oriented toward commercial timber extraction; residents report that under the parent commune "arrasaron con todo" (they wiped out everything).
- Local resource governance is articulated through the figure of the Mulato Bamba, "king of the animals," who punishes hunters who kill beyond subsistence; the guiding principle is to "occupy only what you need" (*ocupar apenas o necessário*), which the author treats as a normative ecological framework operating before formal legal devices.
- In 2011 the commune signed an agreement with the Ministry of Environment's Socio Bosque program, receiving $55,244.50 annually for protected hectares; the communal budget allocated $4,800 to four people for trail clearing and a guarda-bosque at $20/day, $18,000 to agriculture/fish-farming support, and smaller sums to education, emergency funds, and organizational costs.
- The commune holds over 10,000 ha but had only one forest guard, attached to the RECC, which residents deemed insufficient; the assembly deliberated hiring an additional playadoreño guard and installing signage reading "ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN - PLAYA DE ORO."
- Contextual figures cited: Esmeraldas province has 43.9% of afroesmeraldeños (2010 census, of 534,092 inhabitants; 39.1% in 2001); 9.8% illiteracy; 9% Afro-Ecuadorian unemployment (ENEMDU-INEC 2006); Ecuador's deforestation rate ranks ninth highest globally per FAO (Potter 2011), with at least 60,000 ha lost annually per the Ministry of Environment.
Methods
- Ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Playa de Oro between 2011 and 2013, including participant observation in communal assemblies (e.g., the October 2011 meeting with Fundación Altrópico) and interviews with communal leaders Don David Arroyo, Clemente Arroyo, and Manoel Ayoví.
- Theoretical framing draws on Tim Ingold's "dwelling perspective" and "education of attention," Arturo Escobar's "politics of place" and "territory-region," and Mignolo's notion of border thinking; the author also engages Taussig's "moral topography" and Restrepo's critique of the "ecologist by nature" stereotype.
- Analysis is interpretive and qualitative, reading local narratives and practices as a situated "political ecology of place" rather than measuring deforestation quantitatively.
Limitations
- The paper explicitly states it does not intend to present a monolithic collective consciousness and refuses to stereotype the discourse as a univocal thought common to all commune members; it draws heavily on the narratives of two leaders (Manoel and Clemente) who are at the forefront of government-project discussions.
- The author notes a historiographic gap on the "ethnic variable" in the region and describes her topographical account as incipient.
- Evident from the text: the study is a single-commune case with no quantitative deforestation measurement, and the account of pre-state ancestral conservation rests largely on oral testimony rather than documentary evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
34 No basis given · 31 Own interpretation · 13 Sources not found · 12 Own result · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“Trata-se da invasão do território de Playa de Oro para o corte ilegal de madeira.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Um dos esforços dos playadoreños para a contenção dessa economia do terror que é a espoliação da madeira dos bosques primários culminou com uma Assembleia Geral da comuna, em 2011, a qual deliberou pela assinatura do convênio entre Playa de Oro e o projeto Socio Bosque,”
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“O MAE cedeu à Playa de Oro um montante anual que totalizava $55.244,50, relativo ao total de hectares protegidos.”
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“Tais padrões de gestão reiteram que são as decisões coletivas dos playadoreños que norteiam os regimes de uso dos recursos naturais.”
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“No caso de Playa de Oro, a principal intimidação é o desmatamento causado pelo corte comercial de madeira.”
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“Mas essa criatura não pode ser desconsiderada, porque no quadro normativo da ecologia de Playa de Oro é a atuação do Mulato Bamba que regula, modera e controla a exploração dos recursos da floresta, como a madeira.”
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“Durante a reunião com a Fundación Altrópico, ficou evidente que a proposta dos comuneros é, em lugar de uma exploração massiva da madeira, gerir o espaço habitado nos termos do Mulato Bamba, qual seja, 'ocupar apenas o que se necessita' e resguardar o lugar a partir de decisões locais.”
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“A exploração ilegal e massiva de madeira, a despeito dos desígnios dos playadoreños, fundamentou a separação da Comuna Santiago-Cayapas.”
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“Entretanto, os discursos dos dois dirigentes são fortemente marcados por uma recusa dos parâmetros governamentais perservacionistas alheios à Comuna.”
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“A comuna, que veementemente rechaça a exploração massiva de madeira, resguarda ancestralmente essa região.”
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“A sinalização, conforme sugeriram, era para alertar que ali não se explora madeira, logo, que a Comuna não é conivente com a atividade de extração massiva, tal como praticada em outras comunas afrodescendentes dessa região.”
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“Essa epistemologia local do estar-no-mundo assevera que é na figura do Mulato Bamba, o rei dos animais, que é enunciada a experiência desses vínculos dos organismos-mundo.”
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“As terras de Playa de Oro, diz Don David, bem como seus bosques, sempre foram concebidas sob uma perspectiva ecológica que entende todos os seres como constituintes e imprescindíveis de um só mundo.”
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“Don David, quando se refere ao bosque playadoreño, alerta que é desse meio, por excelência, que os animais, ou melhor, todos los seres vivientes, incluindo os humanos, usufruem das condições necessárias para viver.”
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“Diante disso, Don David expõe que não há uma exterioridade, mas uma 'sinergia' que inclui esforços dos playadoreños e das criaturas que, antes de serem 'entidades discretas, são linhas de transformação' (Ingold, 2012, p. 25).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingold, 2012
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In the paper
“A deliberação nessa noite de Assembleia Comunal residiu na contratação de mais um guarda-bosque, um playadoreño, que atuaria como o guardião das florestas.”
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“Há, assim, o entendimento de uma concatenação de partes integradas e complementares, em um constante fluxo de relações interdependentes.”
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“A necessidade de percorrer a totalidade da área da Comuna, para além de fazer a limpeza nos senderos, residia na importância de ocupar e reconhecer o território de Playa de Oro.”
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“Conta-me Don David que o Mulato Bamba é uma criatura que vive no bosque, refugiado.Tal criatura não poderia acercar-se dos humanos, pois se trata de uma figura de otra naturaleza, invisível, embora aqueles que sabem sua oração são capazes de vê-lo.”
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In the paper
“O guarda-bosque, requerido pela Comuna, justificava-se na medida em que Playa de Oro possui apenas um vigilante da floresta, mas vinculado à Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, o que é insuficiente para fiscalizar os mais de 10.000ha pertencentes à Comuna.”
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“Essa última etapa coincide com os relatos de Don David referente ao recrudescimento do assédio sobre o bosque primário de Playa de Oro e a pouca autonomia dos playadoreños ante as decisões do Cabildo da Comuna Santiago-Cayapas, ao qual estavam, inicialmente, subordinados:”
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“Dito de outra forma, a floresta não é um ente separado do homem, não se pressupõe uma exterioridade a essa associação, mas um vínculo -metonimicamente sugerido como a vida.”
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“Tal plano de despesas foi elaborado pelos próprios beneficiários do projeto Socio Bosque e indicou como os recursos serão empregados.”
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“As árvores do bosque, dessa forma, são como fortes que protegem os animais.”
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“Mais que limpar, os playadoreños também requisitavam a instalação de uma placa que contivesse a indicação ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN -PLAYA DE ORO.”
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“No caso de Playa de Oro, há um corpo teórico que versa, sobretudo, em relação à gestão do ambiente e da comunidade.”
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“Os caçadores, que matam vários animais, além do que são capazes de consumir, são duramente castigados pelo Mulato Bamba, porque impedem o desenvolvimento de outros animais ao romper as cadeias ecológicas:”
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“Em princípio, o que as mulheres e homens defendiam na assembleia era a prevalência da sinalização das fronteiras da Comuna Playa de Oro.”
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“Antes de dispositivos juridicamente firmados ou do acompanhamento de instituições responsáveis pelo monitoramento do manejo de bosques, é a presença do Mulato Bamba que é sentida, pois orienta os playadoreños na gestão das florestas e, portanto, no equilíbrio dos organismos-mundo.”
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“A discussão dos comuneros, portanto, versava sobre a imprescindibilidade de mapear a região, conhecer o bosque e, assim, constatar quando algo não estivesse em conformidade.”
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“A sublevação de Playa de Oro para independentizar-se da Comuna Santiago-Cayapas, há dezesseis anos, foi motivada, portanto, pela necessidade de maior autonomia.”
- Also stated in: § O território do Mulato Bamba: os reveses do desmatamento · plain
“Dessa forma, foi a necessidade de gerir o autonomamente o espaço da comuna, a partir de critérios locais e não exógenos, que Playa de Oro funda uma comuna própria, desvinculada da anterior, a Santiago-Cayapas.”
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- Also stated in: § O território do Mulato Bamba: os reveses do desmatamento · plain
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“Don Romer, construtor naval da Comuna, quando escavava um tronco de árvore para transformá-lo em barco, diziame que a madeira deve ser usada com parcimônia, apenas quando necessário, pois tal matéria-prima e, por conseguinte, os bosques de onde provém, são a morada dos bichos -essenciais na cadeia ecológica de Playa de Oro.”
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“A preocupação com a manutenção dos sinais fronteiriços visava evitar que madeireiros adentrassem o território: tratava-se da imposição de barreiras físicas com vistas a conter as investidas de tais agentes.”
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“A responsabilidade do guarda-bosque, portanto, seria apenas observar, mas não agir.Caso o vigia notasse alguma movimentação obscura na floresta, deveria imediatamente comunicar aos responsáveis pela Comuna, para que providências legais fossem tomadas.”
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“Ou seja, eles objetivavam demarcar o território: na reunião, porém, admitiam que a placa não interditaria as fronteiras, mas apenas alarmaria a condição de ilicitude do corte de madeira nessa área.”
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“Em 2011, participei de uma reunião, realizada na Casa Comunal de Playa de Oro, juntamente com a Fundación Altrópico, responsável por coordenar os programas do MAE, que tinha como pauta a discussão do Plan de Inversión -Comuna Playa de Oro, relativo a setembro de 2011 a setembro de 2012, o qual definiria a destinação dos recursos recebidos do Projeto Socio Bosque.”
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De fato, conforme ponderam os dirigentes da comuna 11 , Clemente e Manoel, as ações para proteger as florestas primárias de Playa de Oro iniciam com os ancestrais, os quais ensinaram padrões de manejo ancorados na premissa do Mulato Bamba:ocupar apenas o necessário, uma forma de manter a simetria entre organismos-mundo, gerando um conhecimento local ancorado no engajamento perceptivo no ambiente,”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“O território da Comuna, às bordas de uma área de proteção ambiental, a RECC, é alvo frequente de despojos de madeira, ainda que os playadoreños invistam no resguardo dos seus bosques primários.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mas meu interlocutor é categórico ao afirmar que a luta é de todos e que o Mulato Bamba apenas ensina aos playadoreños que hay que tener y hay que ocupar lo que usted necesita, lo que no necesita, no, no puede ocupar lo que no necesita, pois a responsabilidade de gerir o espaço habitado é de todos os organismos-mundo.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O Mulato Bamba, pondera Don David, não proíbe a atividade de caça, mas alerta que o bosque e os animais que aí vivem devem ser resguardados.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“É na floresta, então, que o Mulato Bamba encontra proteção e assim rege o equilíbrio desses fluxos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Não se trata da exploração de madeira exercida pelos comuneros, mas por terceiros, motivados por interesses empresariais, que invadem as terras comunais, desafiando os limites e a autonomia sobre o 'espaço habitado' dos playadoreños.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diziam que teriam que deixar muito claro onde começa Playa de Oro, pois as divisas (senderos) estavam sujas e não havia uma marcação nítida dos limites da Comuna.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Além disso, o que os playadoreños reivindicam é, nas palavras de Don David, hacer su propia historia, o que incide sobre a perspectiva de gestão autônoma do território, e expressa -sobremaneira -o respeito aos parâmetros locais para uso e resguardo, ancorados em ensinamentos de diversos entes que compõem o organismo-mundo de Playa de Oro, como o Mulato Bamba.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disso decorre a emergência do pensamento enunciado por Don David, que versa sobre a preocupação com o futuro dos comuneros: tal narrativa ocupa-se de pensar essa gestão ambiental não apenas no presente, mas para o futuro, resultado da preocupação de hacer su propia historia:”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O requerido durante a Assembleia, que era a sinalização por meio das placas, conformava um idioma proibitivo; mas tal proibição só se efetivaria com o deslocamento dos corpos sobre o território de Playa de Oro.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De fato, creio que a ação transformadora que resultou na separação de Playa de Oro da Comuna Santiago-Cayapas originou benefícios que reverberam na atual organização do território:”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A ruptura dessa vida, como o corte ilegal da madeira, provocará uma desconformidade irreversível em todo os organismos-mundo de Playa de Oro.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“O corpo está ativo, é intencional muito mais que instrumental, não é apenas usado pelo sujeito cultural, mas sim constitui a presença do sujeito como um ser-no-mundo.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingold, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A região entre-rios do norte esmeraldeño, onde localiza-se a Comuna Playa de Oro, é alvo de históricos despojos.Atualmente, tais ameaças residem em esquemas exploratórios que suprimem perspectivas locais de salvaguarda do ambiente e circunscrevem os afrodescendentes a uma posição territorial subalterna.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esse deslocamento sobre o território, ou melhor, na paisagemnos termos de Ingold, reforça o engajamento do ser-no-mundo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualquer desequilíbrio no bosque, inevitavelmente, afetará o fluxo do todo:”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O ingresso no projeto Socio Bosque, portanto, foi uma consequência dessas ações precedentes que orientaram, ancestralmente, a gestão local dos recursos e dos bosques primários em Playa de Oro e no entorno, beneficiando, por extensão, a área onde hoje encontra-se a RECC; e não o contrário.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As fronteiras são aqui entendidas a partir de seus sentidos práticos, como o movimento do corpo.Pessoas-em-ação não somente produzem fronteiras e experiências fronteiriças, mas parafraseando uma idéia de Simmel, elas próprias são fronteiras.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Munn, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Os próprios playadoreños são fronteiras e fazem frente à intimidação dos madeireiros.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Além disso, quando afirmam que o dirigente máximo -o cabildo -deve ser um playadoreño, 'nascido e criado', indicam que somente nessa condição o eleito será capaz de gerir adequadamente, desde os parâmetros locais, os usos e resguardos para a manutenção desse lugar.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ainda que o discurso governamental sobre a deflorestación seja justificado sob a perspectiva da pobreza, a qual motivaria as populações para o corte e a venda de madeira, o caso de Playa de Oro é emblemático para subverter essa grande narrativa.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Os bosques de Playa de Oro, hoje limítrofes à reserva de preservação estatal, são -antes de um discurso macro-estratégico de conservação -entes que dialogam com a sociocosmologia dos playadoreños.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Com uma perspectiva semelhante à de Ingold, Nancy Munn (2007), em sua pesquisa entre os aborígenes australianos, corrobora a proposição de um espaço corporificado ao discutir que o indivíduo 'faz' o espaço ao mover-se sobre ele, pois o espaço também está contido nas práticas corporais, na medida em que o corpo estabelece fronteiras.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Munn, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O desmatamento, por conseguinte, provoca uma ruptura nessa grande cadeia de organismos-mundo e promove um dos grandes conflitos apresentados à Comuna.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O ato de percorrer o território, tal como os playadoreños sugeriam, refere-se à atenção e à diligência com o espaço habitado, além de promover o engajamento do próprio corpo na tarefa do reconhecimento territorial, estabelecendo canais comunicativos com o mundo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Forma e significado, nesta perspectiva, não são impostos pela mente sobre o mundo, mas surgem nos contextos situacionais de atividades humanas de habitar.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingold, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assim, o consumo de tais recursos deve ser limitado pelo fator subsistência, rechaçando-se a exploração massiva, que excede esse princípio.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Playa de Oro sempre foi alvo de históricos despojos, muitos vinculados aos grandes ciclos de extração de ouro.Atualmente, o território da comuna vê-se ameaçado pelo garimpo a céu aberto, plantio de palma africana e extração ilegal de madeira, consoante à citação do Plan de Manejo Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi -Cayapas .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plan de Manejo Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Nesse sentido, a observação que faço sobre o Mulato Bamba é muito semelhante à analogia que Ingold (2012) realiza sobre os dragões ou Pássaros-Trovão.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingold, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“programa do Ministerio del Ambiente do Equador (MAE) que visa proteger as florestas, páramos e a vegetação nativa e reduzir as taxas de desmatamento da região pela metadefoot_8 , meta prevista no Plan Nacional de Desarrollo do governo equatoriano.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: O projeto Socio Bosque visa proteger as florestas, páramos e a vegetação nativa e reduzir as taxas de desmatamento da região.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A salvaguarda dos bosques, assim, implica no corpo ativo, na educação da atenção -ou na educação perceptual -para o ambiente.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Posteriormente, Minda ainda considera que a década de noventa foi um período dramático no Norte de Esmeraldas, relativo ao corte de madeira das florestas.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Minda
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“[a perspectiva do habitar] situa o sujeito que percebe, desde o início, em um engajamento ativo com o ambiente, de modo que a percepção é uma conquista não apenas da mente, trabalhando sobre o registro do sentido, mas de todo o corpo da pessoa, como um centro de ação indiviso e consciente -na prática de habitar o mundo.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingold, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O programa, através de incentivos econômicos, objetiva reverter esse quadro de deflorestación, especialmente em áreas com altos índices de desmatamento e com altos níveis de pobreza, como a Província de Esmeraldas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tais descrições, com frequência baseadas em aspectos físicos e facilmente tangenciáveis, não contemplavam os procedimentos agentivos dos próprios playadoreños para a manutenção e contenção de despojos de recursos naturais em seu território.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Destaco as narrativas de Manoel e Clemente, ambos lideranças de Playa de Oro, porque são eles que estão à frente das discussões sobre os projetos governamentais que chegam a Playa de Oro.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ainda, recuso apontar nesse artigo uma consciência coletiva monolítica.Portanto, não é minha intenção estereotipar esse discurso, mas redesenhar uma circunstância, como sugerido por Viveiros de Castro (1992), para evitar um fundo etnocêntrico, o qual conceberia todo o discurso que aqui segue como um pensamento unívoco, comum a todos os membros da Comuna Playa de Oro.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Viveiros de Castro, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Playa de Oro é, legalmente, uma Comuna.Trata-se de uma entidade jurídica criada pelo Estado equatoriano para a regularização da posse da terra ocupada ancestralmente, em nome da qual se garante o exercício dos direitos coletivos das comunidades afrodescendentes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A criação da RECC, em 1968 e os mais atuais investimentos governamentais, como o Projeto Socio Bosque, não são os desencadeadores da proteção para a integridade do ecossistema dessa zona, no qual está incluído o território de Playa de Oro.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“playadoreños para a defesa e manutenção do vivo território ancestral, alvo de constantes ameaças, muitas das quais vinculadas a transformações econômicas nessa região esmeraldeña.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Playa de Oro, segundoCharvet (2010, p. 143), possui há mais de duzentos anos o registro da existência da comunidade, embora os relatos dos playadoreños apontem para uma formação muito mais anterior, de pelo menos quatrocentos anos, relacionada aos grandes ciclos de extração do ouro nessa região.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Charvet, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Os agenciamentos dos playadoreños tiveram como ponto de partida o espaço habitado, cujo conhecimento gerado deu-se em contato direto com o ambiente: trata-se da política do lugar que presume a imbricação da vida no ambiente.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Porque Playa de Oro é, antes de tudo, um território de vida.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“O lugar, ou melhor, o território-região de Playa de Oro, situase em uma zona que sempre foi alvo de perfunctórias descrições, as quais produziram efeitos de verdade.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
O projeto Socio Bosque visa proteger as florestas, páramos e a vegetação nativa e reduzir as taxas de desmatamento da região.
“programa do Ministerio del Ambiente do Equador (MAE) que visa proteger as florestas, páramos e a vegetação nativa e reduzir as taxas de desmatamento da região pela metadefoot_8 , meta prevista no Plan Nacional de Desarrollo do governo equatoriano.”
The paper relies on this without support.
O projeto Socio Bosque prioriza comunas legalmente constituídas que sejam proprietárias de florestas nativas.
“O benefício do Socio Bosque cedido à Playa de Oro só foi possível porque o projeto prioriza -ademais dos critérios já apontados -comunas legalmente constituídas, que sejam proprietárias de florestas nativas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas (RECC) foi criada em 1968.
“A criação da RECC, em 1968 e os mais atuais investimentos governamentais, como o Projeto Socio Bosque, não são os desencadeadores da proteção para a integridade do ecossistema dessa zona, no qual está incluído o território de Playa de Oro.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A perspectiva ecológica local descrita é compartilhada pelos playadoreños em geral, e não apenas pelos interlocutores específicos citados.
“Essa epistemologia local do estar-no-mundo assevera que é na figura do Mulato Bamba, o rei dos animais, que é enunciada a experiência desses vínculos dos organismos-mundo.”
Citations
Cites
Territorios de diferencia: Lugar, movimientos, vida, redes
Escobar, A. (2014) · Universidad del Cauca eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvpv504m · Cited by 258
Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life
Sanders, T., & Ingold, T. (1998) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591274 · Cited by 251
Excluded Spaces: The Figure in the Australian Aboriginal Landscape
Munn, N. D. (1996) · Critical Inquiry · doi:10.1086/448801 · Cited by 237
Xamanismo, colonialismo e o homem selvagem : um estudo sobre o terror e a cura
Taussig, M., & de Moura, C. E. M. (1993) · Paz e Terra eBooks · Cited by 133
Más allá de la “cultura”: espacio, identidad y las políticas de la diferencia
Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (2008) · Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología · doi:10.7440/antipoda7.2008.10 · Cited by 74
Raza y etnicidad en Latinoamérica
Wade, P. (2000) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 41
La deforestación en el norte de Esmeraldas (Eloy Alfaro y San Lorenzo)
Batallas, P. A. M. (2006) · Universitas · doi:10.17163/uni.n4.2004.03
La Industria Del Aceite De Palma En Ecuador: ¿Un Buen Negocio Para Los Pequeños Agricultores?
Potter, L. P. (2010) · Eutopía - Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial · doi:10.17141/eutopia.2.2010.1028
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ingold, T. (2000). The perception of the environment: essays in livelihood. London: Routledge.
- Ingold, T. (2012). Caminhando com dragões: em direção ao lado selvagem. Em C. Steil e I. Carvalho (Eds.) Cultura, percepção e ambiente. Diálogos com Tim Ingold (pp.15-29). São Paulo: Ed.
- Ingold, T. e Kurttila, T. (2000). Perceiving the Environment in Finish Lapland, Body & Society, 6(3-4), 183-196.
- Viveiros de Castro, E. (1992). O campo na selva visto da praia. Estudos Históricos, 5(10),170-190.
- Lobo, J. (2015). A 'política do lugar': a Comuna afrodescendente Playa de Oro, Esmeraldas -Equador. Universitas Humanística, 80, 237-262. http://dx.doi. org/10.11144/Javeriana.UH80.aplc
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Lobo, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Lobo, Janaina
- Venue
- Universitas Humanística
- Published
- 2015-07-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 80
- ISSN
- 0120-4807 (ISSN-L)
- 2011-2734
- OpenAlex
- W1910575164
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Universitas Humanística (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- Repositorio Institucional (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Afro-Latin American Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Latin American Cultural Politics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Indigenous Studies in Latin America
- Keywords
- Afro-descendant communities, territorial management, political ecology, natural resource exploitation, Santiago River, Colombian-Ecuadorian border, Esmeraldas
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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