The observable universe inside a black hole
Abstract
A Schwarzschild radial coordinate R is presented for the Friedmann dust-filled cosmology models. It is shown that a worldline of constant Schwarzschild radial coordinate in the dust-filled universe is instantaneously null at Rn=2GM/c2, where M is the Schwarzschild mass inside the sphere R=Rn. It is also shown that Mp=3τc3/4G, where Mp is the proper mass inside R=Rn and τ is the age of the universe. The Rn=2GM/c2 result in Friedmann dust-filled cosmology is made physically significant by abandoning the cosmological principle and adjoining segments of Friedmann dust to segments of Schwarzschild vacuum. In the resulting cosmology model, the observable universe may lie inside a black or white hole.
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Einstein-Cartan theory is equivalent to general relativity with the symmetric Levi-Civita connection, in which the energy-momentum tensor of matter acquires terms quadratic in the spin tensor.
“Consequently, EC is equivalent to general relativity with the symmetric Levi-Civita connection, in which the energy-momentum tensor of matter acquires terms that are quadratic in the spin tensor.”
From A nonsingular, anisotropic universe in a black hole with torsion and particle production (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Spacetime torsion within Einstein-Cartan theory provides a simple and natural mechanism for preventing gravitational singularities.
“A simple and natural mechanism for preventing gravitational singularities is provided by spacetime torsion within the Einstein-Cartan (EC) theory of gravity.”
From A nonsingular, anisotropic universe in a black hole with torsion and particle production (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
In Einstein-Cartan theory, torsion is determined by the field equations and the resulting torsion tensor is proportional to the spin tensor of fermionic matter.
“Instead, torsion is determined by the field equations obtained from varying the action with respect to the torsion tensor [6][7][8].The resulting torsion tensor is proportional to the spin tensor of fermionic matter.”
From A nonsingular, anisotropic universe in a black hole with torsion and particle production (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation
Popławski, N. J. (2010) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
UNIVERSE IN A BLACK HOLE IN EINSTEIN–CARTAN GRAVITY
Popławski, N. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/96 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A nonsingular, anisotropic universe in a black hole with torsion and particle production
Popławski, N. J. (2021) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-021-02790-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stuckey, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Elizabethtown College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stuckey, W. M.
- ORCID
- Stuckey, W. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physics
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 788-795
- ISSN
- 0002-9505 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2909
- OpenAlex
- W2033858678
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Keywords
- black holes, white holes, observable universe, cosmological principle, cosmological horizon
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