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’’1/f noise’’ in music: Music from 1/f noise
Abstract
The spectral density of fluctuations in the audio power of many musical selections and of English speech varies approximately as 1/f (f is the frequency) down to a frequency of 5×10−4 Hz. This result implies that the audio-power fluctuations are correlated over all times in the same manner as ’’1/f noise’’ in electronic components. The frequency fluctuations of music also have a 1/f spectral density at frequencies down to the inverse of the length of the piece of music. The frequency fluctuations of English speech have a quite different behavior, with a single characteristic time of about 0.1 s, the average length of a syllable. The observations on music suggest that 1/f noise is a good choice for stochastic composition. Compositions in which the frequency and duration of each note were determined by 1/f noise sources sounded pleasing. Those generated by white-noise sources sounded too random, while those generated by 1/f2 noise sounded too correlated.
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Citations
Cited by
Keshner, M. S. (1982) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/proc.1982.12282 · Cited by 759
Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T., & Mallon, M. W. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7892611 · Cited by 641
Cognitive emissions of 1/f noise.
Gilden, D. L. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.33 · Cited by 516
Ulichney, R. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.3288 · Cited by 414
Metadata
- Authors
- Voss, R. F., & Clarke, J.
- Venue
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
- Publisher
- Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
- Published
- 1978-01-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 258-263
- ISSN
- 0001-4966 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-8524
- OpenAlex
- W1998131424
- Cited by
- 379
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: ’’1/f noise’’ in music: Music from 1/f noise. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1121/1.381721
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- Voss, R. F., & Clarke, J. (1978). ’’1/f noise’’ in music: Music from 1/f noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381721
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