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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2
Abstract
The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).
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“The third employs the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2010) for flow state data, with items such as “Challenge-skill balance: I am challenged, but I believe my skills will allow me to meet the challenge.””
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson and Eklund, 2002
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Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance
Engeser, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9102-4 · Cited by 860
“This problem has been recognized and instruments to measure all components of flow have been developed for the areas of sports (Jackson and Eklund 2002) and computer activity (Remy 2000).”
BackgroundReconsidering happiness: a eudaimonist's perspective
Waterman, A. S. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802303002 · Cited by 613
“Jackson and Eklund (2002) created the Flow State Scale-2 to assess flow experiences within a particular event and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 to assess the frequency of flow experiences across a broader array of activities.”
BackgroundLonsdale, C., Hodge, K. P., & Rose, E. A. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.3.323 · Cited by 502
The Model for Introduction of Gamification into E-learning in Higher Education
Urh, M., Vukovič, G., Jereb, E., & Pintar, R. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.154 · Cited by 437
“According to Jackson and Eklund (2002), flow is an important part of challenging activities where a person’s concentration and skills are important for an outcome.”
BackgroundEppmann, R., Bekk, M., & Klein, K. (2018) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2018.03.002 · Cited by 420
“Finally, we included a version of the dispositional flow scale-2 [DFS-2] (Jackson and Eklund 2002), which has been validated in the context of a gamified fitness online platform (Hamari and Koivisto 2014).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-150
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2157505989
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow
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