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Cited by 2,404Geological and Tectonic Studies in Latin AmericaEvolution and Paleontology StudiesAmazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory

Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity

Open access
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A. +10 more·2010·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.1194585
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Abstract

The Making of Amazonian Diversity: The biodiversity of the Amazon Basin is legendary, but the processes by which it has been generated have been debated. In the late 20th century the prevalent view was that the engine of diversity was repeated contraction and expansion of forest refugia during the past 3 million years or so. Hoorn et al. (p. 927 ) analyze findings from a diverse range of disciplines, including molecular phylogeny, ecology, sedimentology, structural geology, and palaeontology, to offer an overview of the entire history of this region during the Cenozoic era (66 million years ago). The uplift of the Andes was a pivotal event in the evolution of Amazonian landscapes because it continually altered river drainage patterns, which in turn put a variety of pressures on organisms to adapt to changing conditions in a multiplicity of ways. Hence, the diversity of the modern biota of the Amazon has more ancient origins than previously thought.

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.1194585

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  • Although palaeorecords suggest that a large-scale Amazon forest collapse did not occur within the past 65 million years, they indicate that savannas expanded locally, particularly in the more seasonal peripheral regions when fires ignited by humans were frequent.

    “Although palaeorecords suggest that a large-scale Amazon forest collapse did not occur within the past 65 million years19, they indicate that savannas expanded locally, particularly in the more seasonal peripheral regions when fires ignited by humans were frequent23,24.”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • The Amazon system has been mostly covered by forest throughout the Cenozoic era (for 65 million years).

    “The Amazon system has been mostly covered by forest throughout the Cenozoic era19 (for 65 million years).”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Andean Uplift section (p. 3) describes preexisting rainforests that were fragmented by Miocene wetlands, and p. 4 says forested habitats later replaced those wetlands. This supports a long history of Amazonian forest, but the paper does not establish that most of the Amazon system was forest-covered throughout the Cenozoic or for the full 65 million years. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  • For 65 million years, Amazonian forests remained relatively resilient to climatic variability.

    “For 65 million years, Amazonian forests remained relatively resilient to climatic variability.”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Fig. 2 caption (p. 3) says floral diversity remained relatively high under cooler Neogene conditions, supporting a limited claim of resilience to climate change. But the paper does not establish that Amazonian forests remained resilient throughout 65 million years; the Andean Uplift section (p. 3) also describes preexisting rainforests being fragmented by wetlands. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. [11]11. J. A. Finarelli, C. Badgley, Proc. Biol. Sci. 277 , 2721 (2010).
  2. [14]14. C. J. Poulsen, T. A. Ehlers, N. Insel, Science 328 , 490 (2010); 10.1126/science.1185078. · DOI
  3. [16]16. A. Mora et al ., in Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 38 -60.
  4. [20]20. A. Antonelli, J. A. A. Nylander, C. Persson, I. Sanmartín, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 , 9749 (2009).
  5. [21]21. J. G. Lundberg et al ., in Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes , M. Malabarba, R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. Lucena, C. A. S. Lucena, Eds. (Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 1998), pp. 13 -48.
  6. [25]25. J. R. Wanderley-Filho, J. F. Eiras, P. R. da Cruz-Cunha, P. H. van der Ven, in Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 29 -37.
  7. [26]26. M. Roddaz et al ., in Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 61 -88.
  8. [27]27. R. W. Mapes, thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2009).
  9. [37]37. C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, J. Hovikoski, J. Guerrero, in Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 123 -142.
  10. [39]39. D. Riff, P. S. R. Romano, G. R. Oliveira, O. A. Aguilera, in Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. P. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 259 -280.
  11. [52]52. F. R. Negri, thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (2004).
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  13. [61]61. J. T. Weir, E. Bermingham, D. Schluter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 , 21737 (2009).
  14. [64]64. R. T. Pennington, C. W. Dick, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B 359 , 1611 (2004).
  15. [66]66. H. ter Steege, Amazon Tree Diversity Network, RAINFOR (Amazon Forest Inventory Network), in Amazonia: Landscape and Species Evolution , C. Hoorn, F. Wesselingh, Eds. (Wiley, Oxford, 2010), pp. 349 -359.

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Authors
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J. P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T., & Antonelli, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Amsterdam (NL)
  • Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)
  • Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Laboratorios de Termocronología y Geomatemáticas, Escuela de Geología, Minas y Geofísica. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Postal Code 1053, Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo y Energías de la Transición - Icpet (CO)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
  • Petrobras (Brazil) (BR)
  • Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (PA)
  • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (BR)
  • Universidade Federal do Acre (BR)
  • Department of Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
  • Hoorn, C.
  • Antonelli, A.
ORCID
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2010-11-12
Volume
330
Issue
6006
Pages
927-931
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.1194585
OpenAlex
W2112184907
Cited by
2,404
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 140 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 215 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 139 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 127 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 96
FWCI
10.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • The Digital Academic Repository of Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Tectonic Studies in Latin America
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
Keywords
Amazon rainforest, Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, biodiversity evolution, sediment influx, Western Amazon, phylogenetic evidence
MeSH terms
Animals, Fossils, Geography, Phylogeny, South America, Time, Trees, Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Rivers, Wetlands, Geological Phenomena, Climate Change

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