The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A 12-Million-Year Temperature History of the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Abstract
Old Gradients: The surface ocean temperature gradient between the warmer Western Equatorial Pacific and the cooler Eastern Equatorial Pacific is smaller during El Niño episodes than during neutral periods or during La Niñas. Some reconstructions of Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SST) covering periods before ∼3 million years ago have suggested a permanent El Niño–like state. Zhang et al. (p. 84 ; see the Perspective by Lea ) present data from a biomarker-derived proxy for SST that indicate a sizable east-west gradient has existed for the past 12 million years, contradicting the concept of a permanent El Niño–like state existed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon
Könneke, M., Bernhard, A. E., de la Torre, J. R., Walker, C. B., Waterbury, J. B., & Stahl, D. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03911 · Cited by 2,857
ENSO as an Integrating Concept in Earth Science
McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., & Glantz, M. H. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132588 · Cited by 2,110
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2002) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00979-2 · Cited by 1,271
The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A review
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2013) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.09.006 · Cited by 1,145
Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., von Storch, I., & Rosell-Melé, A. (1998) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00097-0 · Cited by 1,081
Interdecadal Climate Fluctuations That Depend on Exchanges Between the Tropics and Extratropics
Gu, D., & Philander, S. G. H. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5301.805 · Cited by 989
Global gridded data set of the oxygen isotopic composition in seawater
LeGrande, A. N., & Schmidt, G. A. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl026011 · Cited by 950
Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation
(1995) · SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) eBooks · doi:10.2110/pec.95.04 · Cited by 920
Mucci, A., & Morse, J. W. (1983) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(83)90135-7 · Cited by 817
Kim, J.-H., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Helmke, P., Willmott, V., Sangiorgi, F., Koç, N., Hopmans, E. C., & Damsté, J. S. S. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.027 · Cited by 808
Cited by
An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence
Sherwood, S. C., Webb, M. J., Annan, J. D., Armour, K. C., Forster, P. M., Hargreaves, J. C., Hegerl, G., Klein, S. A., Marvel, K. D., Rohling, E. J., et al. (2020) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2019rg000678 · Cited by 1,254
Late Miocene climate cooling and intensification of southeast Asian winter monsoon
Holbourn, A. E., Kuhnt, W., Clemens, S. C., Kochhann, K. G. D., Jöhnck, J., Lübbers, J., & Andersen, N. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03950-1 · Cited by 308
BAYSPLINE: A New Calibration for the Alkenone Paleothermometer
Tierney, J. E., & Tingley, M. P. (2018) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1002/2017pa003201 · Cited by 284
Robust decrease in El Niño/Southern Oscillation amplitude under long-term warming
Callahan, C. W., Chen, C., Rugenstein, M., Bloch-Johnson, J., Yang, S., & Moyer, E. J. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01099-2 · Cited by 87
Stolper, D. A., Eiler, J. M., & Higgins, J. A. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.037 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., & Liu, Z.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-04-04
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 6179
- Pages
- 84-87
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2096425009
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 73
- FWCI
- 20.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A 12-Million-Year Temperature History of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.1246172
- The paper
- Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., & Liu, Z. (2014). A 12-Million-Year Temperature History of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246172
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
