Regulation of a Segmentation Stripe by Overlapping Activators and Repressors in the Drosophila Embryo
Abstract
Gene expression stripes in Drosophila melanogaster embryos provide a model for how eukaryotic promoters are turned on and off in response to combinations of transcriptional regulators. Genetic studies suggested that even-skipped ( eve ) stripe 2 is controlled by three gap genes, hunchback ( hb ), Kruppel ( Kr ), and giant ( gt ), and by the maternal morphogen bicoid ( bcd ). A direct link is established between binding sites for these regulatory proteins in the stripe 2 promoter element and the expression of the stripe during early embryogenesis. The bcd and hb protein binding sites mediate activation, whereas neighboring gt and Kr protein sites repress expression and establish the stripe borders. The stripe 2 element has the properties of a genetic on-off switch.
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The stripe 2 enhancer controls even-skipped expression in early embryogenesis via binding of tissue-specific transcription factors.
“The stripe 2 enhancer controls eve expression in early embryogenesis via binding of tissue-specific TFs [121–123].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [121]
Activating transcription factors Bicoid and Hunchback are expressed only in the anterior section of the embryo, while repressors Giant and Kruppel are expressed in anterior and posterior regions on either side of stripe 2, such that the stripe 2 enhancer is only activated within a 2-3 cell-wide section of the embryo.
“Activating TFs Bicoid and Hunchback are expressed only in the anterior section of the embryo, while the repressors Giant and Kruppel are expressed in anterior and posterior regions on either side of stripe 2, such that the stripe 2 enhancer is only activated within a 2–3 cell-wide section of the embryo [108, 121, 124].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [121]
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Transcription factors: from enhancer binding to developmental control
Spitz, F., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3207 · Cited by 2,227 · see citing works
Low Affinity Binding Site Clusters Confer Hox Specificity and Regulatory Robustness
Crocker, J., Abe, N., Rinaldi, L., McGregor, A. P., Frankel, N., Wang, S., Alsawadi, A., Valenti, P., Plaza, S., Payre, F., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.041 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Hare, E. E., Peterson, B. K., Iyer, V. N., Meier, R., & Eisen, M. B. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000106 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Animal Transcription Networks as Highly Connected, Quantitative Continua
Biggin, M. D. (2011) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.09.008 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters
Ray-Jones, H., & Spivakov, M. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-03903-w · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stanojevic, D., Small, S., & Levine, M.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairchild Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.
- University of California System (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1991-11-29
- Volume
- 254
- Issue
- 5036
- Pages
- 1385-1387
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2048066878
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM034431, GM34431)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- Drosophila melanogaster embryo, gap genes, hunchback, Krüppel, giants, Bicoid, transcriptional regulation, promoter binding sites, on-off switch, embryonic segmentation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Chromosome Deletion, Drosophila melanogaster, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Genes, Homeobox, Molecular Sequence Data, Morphogenesis, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
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