The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Spoken and written language
Abstract
This books identifies the important differences between speaking and writing. Halliday leads the reader from the development of speech in infancy, through an account of writing systems, to a comparative treatment of spoken and written language, contrasting the prosodic features and grammatical intricacy of speech with the high lexical density and grammatical metaphor or writing.
Overview
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Citations
Cited by
BIBER, D., GRAY, B., & POONPON, K. (2011) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.5054/tq.2011.244483 · Cited by 804
An Introduction to Discourse Analysis
Gee, J. P. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203005675 · Cited by 650
Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in Discourse Analysis
Widdowson, H. G. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470758427 · Cited by 526
Frequency of basic English grammatical structures: A corpus analysis
Roland, D., Dick, F., & Elman, J. L. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.03.002 · Cited by 379
Predicting patterns of grammatical complexity across language exam task types and proficiency levels
Biber, D., Gray, B., & Staples, S. (2016) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amu059 · Cited by 297
Metadata
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1998-05-08
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 5365
- Pages
- 797k-797
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1589878313
- Cited by
- 1,281
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 35.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Spoken and written language. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.280.5365.797k
- The paper
- Spoken and written language. (1998). Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5365.797k
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
