The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Glucocorticoid Receptor: Rapid Exchange with Regulatory Sites in Living Cells
Abstract
Steroid receptors bind to site-specific response elements in chromatin and modulate gene expression in a hormone-dependent fashion. With the use of a tandem array of mouse mammary tumor virus reporter elements and a form of glucocorticoid receptor labeled with green fluorescent protein, targeting of the receptor to response elements in live mouse cells was observed. Photobleaching experiments provide direct evidence that the hormone-occupied receptor undergoes rapid exchange between chromatin and the nucleoplasmic compartment. Thus, the interaction of regulatory proteins with target sites in chromatin is a more dynamic process than previously believed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Compared with other studies, the mobility of Stat1 was much faster than the core histones and similar to other inducible transcriptional regulators (McNally et al. 2000; Kimura and Cook 2001; Lillemeier et al. 2001).”
From DNA binding controls inactivation and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor Stat1 (2003) · cites this paper as McNally et al. 2000
In the citing paper
“Once in the nucleus, liganded GRs do not bind to DNA in a stable manner. They rather constantly shuttle between the nucleoplasm and GC-responsive elements (GRE) located in the promoter or enhancer regions of GC-responsive genes (80, 81).”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [80]
Citations
Cites
Nuclear Receptor Coregulators: Cellular and Molecular Biology
McKenna, N. J., Lanz, R. B., & O’Malley, B. W. (1999) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.20.3.0366 · Cited by 1,941
Heim, R., & Tsien, R. Y. (1996) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00450-5 · Cited by 1,490
Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase
Spencer, T. E., Jenster, G. W., Burcin, M. M., Allis, C. D., Zhou, J., Mizzen, C. A., McKenna, N. J., Oñate, S. A., Tsai, S. Y., Tsai, M., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/38304 · Cited by 1,242
Regulation of Transcription by a Protein Methyltransferase
Chen, D., Ma, H., Hong, H., Koh, S. S., Huang, S., Schurter, B. T., Aswad, D. W., & Stallcup, M. R. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2174 · Cited by 1,214
Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function
Xu, L., Glass, C. K., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (1999) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(99)80021-5 · Cited by 909
Histone Deacetylase Activity Is Required for Full Transcriptional Repression by mSin3A
Hassig, C. A., Fleischer, T. C., Billin, A. N., Schreiber, S. L., & Ayer, D. E. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80214-7 · Cited by 740
Sequence‐specific positioning of nucleosomes over the steroid‐inducible MMTV promoter.
Richard-Foy, H., & Hager, G. L. (1987) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02507.x · Cited by 594
Muchardt, C., & Yaniv, M. (1993) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06112.x · Cited by 588
Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex
Fryer, C. J., & Archer, T. K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30032 · Cited by 511
Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 Proteins for Transcriptional Enhancement by Steroid Receptors
Yoshinaga, S. K., Peterson, C. L., Herskowitz, I., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1360703 · Cited by 477
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ostrowski M. C., Richard-Foy H., Wolford R. G., Berard D. S., Hager G. L., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 2045 (1983).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–799 of 799
CORTICOSTEROIDS | Glucocorticoid Receptors
Adcock, I. M., Hayashi, R., Ito, K., & Caramori, G. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370879-6/00100-9 · Cited by 1
G&DvignettesPreprint
Zaret, K. S. (2023) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.350444.123 · Cited by 1
Hadley, K. (2010) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · Cited by 1
Kinetic proofreading as a mechanism for transcriptional specificity in living human cellsPreprint
Kim, J. M., Ball, D. A., Johnson, T. A., DInzeo, C., Cho, H. J., Ozbun, L. L., Karpova, T., Pegoraro, G., & Larson, D. R. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.711757 · Cited by 1
Murthy, M. V. R., Lipscomb, M. L., & Kompala, D. S. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0369-8_13
The Recruitment And Dynamics Of Transcription Factors At The Hsp70 Loci In Living Cells
Zobeck, K. L. (2011) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Modulation of allergic airway inflammation by glucocorticoids
Karabinskaya, A. (2014) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4399
A functional analysis of the epigenetic regulator CTCF
Kitchen, N. S. (2010) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Structure/Function Studies of the Androgen Receptor DNA-Binding Region
Rastinejad, F. (2001) · doi:10.21236/ada398061
Qian, X. (2014) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Bubulya, A., & Paula, A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/22469
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor alpha Ubiquitination and Proteasome-mediated Receptor Degradation
Berry, N. B. (2008) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)
Proceedings of the 30th Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium
Kompala, D. S. (2000) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)
Elson, E. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394447-4.20094-1
VDR and RXR Subcellular Trafficking
Bársony, J. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-303-9_6
Studies of glucocorticoid receptor interacting proteins
Widén, C. (2005) · Figshare
Glucocorticoid control of gene transcription in neural tissue
Morsink, M. C. (2007) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Nuclear Receptors and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
Dreijerink, K. M. A. (2003) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
JAK/STAT Signaling: A Tale of Jeeps and Trains
Costa‐Pereira, A. P., Strobl, B., Lillemeier, B. F., Is’harc, H., & Kerr, I. M. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3000-6_24
Glucocorticoid receptor function; interactions, mutants and ligand responses
Hedman, E. (2008) · Figshare
CDP/Cutl1 controls differentiation-specific MMTV and cellular gene expression in the mammary gland
Maitra, U. (2006) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN GENE REGULATION
Åstrand, C. (2006) · Figshare
Protein Dynamics in Mammalian Genome Maintenance
Zotter, A. (2008) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Transcription factot effects on chromatin organisation and gene regulation
Holmqvist, P.-H. (2005)
Modulation of folate receptor-α by glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor.
Tran, T. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central)
Newell-Price, J. D. C., BERTAGNA, X. Y., Grossman, A. B., & Nieman, L. K. (2006)
Modulation of GR transcriptional signalling by HIV-1 Vpr: insights into regulation by progestins
Grantham, N. J. (2012) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)
Banerjee, A. T. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Effects of glucocorticoids in macrophages
Jubb, A. W. (2015) · ERA
Cell-cycle-dependent trafficking in the endocytic pathway
Bergeland, T. (2008) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Heart rate variability and rhythmic influences in human endotoxemia
Scheff, J. D. (2013) · doi:10.7282/t3571922
Merkulov, V. M., Klimova, N. V., & Merkulova, T. I. (2015) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj15.032
Jans, D. A., & Forwood, J. K. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27747-1_9
Clone Novel E2F Target Promoters Use of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation To
Zhang, M. Q., Farnham, P., Weinmann, A. S., Bartley, S. M., & Zhang, T. (2014)
Dynamic Regulation of Chromatin Modification and Transcription by GR and the Steroid Receptors
George, C. L., & Conway-Campbell, B. L. (2016) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24493-8_2
Stochastic Effects in Signaling Pathways in Cells: Interaction between Visualization and Modeling
Kimmel, M. (2009) · Advances in intelligent and soft computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00563-3_2
Merkulov, V. M., Klimova, N. V., & Merkulova, T. I. (2015)
CHAPTER 2B – The Normal Human Ovary Part II: How Steroid Hormones Work
Kase, N. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012053642-9/50007-7
Alkhanjaf, A. A. M. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Sjö, P., Hansson, T. G., & Edman, K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.12466-7
Avva, S. V. S. P. (2016) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.617
Epigenetics and Chromatin Remodeling
Kinyamu, H. K., Mackey, L. C., Crusselle‐Davis, V. J., & Archer, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65388-6
Cell Nucleus Biogenesis, Structure and Function
Jackson, D. A. (2006) · Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300097
Energy Cost and Mean Dwell Times for the Activity of Promoter with Complex Structure
Li, Q., Din, A., & Zhou, T. (2018) · Journal of Systems Science and Complexity · doi:10.1007/s11424-018-7180-2
Russu, M. C. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84203
Urnov, F. D., & Wolffe, A. P. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012174597-4.50005-3
Injected cells provide a valuable complement to cell-free systems for analysis of gene expression
Gurdon, J. B., Javed, K., Wen, M.-H., & Triana, H. B. (2020) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112296
Transcription regulation dynamics
de Jonge, W. J. (2020) · doi:10.33540/73
The Cell Nucleus and Its Compartments
Mierke, C. T. (2020) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58532-7_10
Investigating phase separation mechanisms for transcriptional control
Boehning, M. (2020) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8312
Carrigan, A. (2011) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4388
Nuclear Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Action
Hager, G. L., Stavreva, D. A., & Voss, T. C. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00040-1
Workman, J. L. (2002) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1006307.78955
Sweedler, J. V. (2004) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1018099.207671
Simons, S. S. (2008) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology · doi:10.1002/9780470048672.wecb563
Oakley, R. H., Lewis‐Tuffin, L. J., Malchoff, C. D., Malchoff, D. M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00098-8
Lightman, S. L., & Stubbs, F. E. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.727484269.793538924
Belmont, A. S. (2001) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1000830.12858
Structure/Function Studies of the Androgen Receptor DNA-Binding Region
Rastinejad, F. (2002) · doi:10.21236/ada411246
Reines, D. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.735846974.793578913
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Coactivator cross-talk specifies transcriptional output.
Prywes, R. (2006) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1001649.374753
Goll, M. G. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734564800.793573560
Elson, E. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821618-7.00086-9
Cellular Factors Involved in Transcriptome Dynamics in Early Zebrafish EmbryogenesisPreprint
Rauwerda, H., Pagano, J. F. B., de Leeuw, W. C., Ensink, W. A., van Olst, M. F., Nehrdich, U., Jonker, M. J., Spaink, H. P., & Breit, T. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510050
TANGO-Light - optogenetic control of transcriptional modulatorsPreprint
Przybyszewska-Podstawka, A., Kałafut, J., Czapiński, J., Ngo, T. H., Czerwonka, A., & Rivero‐Müller, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543150
Nonspecific interactions in transcription regulation and organization of transcriptional condensates
Valyaeva, A. A., & Sheval, E. V. (2024) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.31857/s0320972524040087
Diaz, M. C., Oses, C., Lareu, A. V., Roberti, S. L., Guberman, A., & Levi, V. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2025.169118
Epigenetics and Chromatin Remodeling
Kinyamu, H. K., Theofilatos, D., Mackey, L. C., & Archer, T. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00260-6
Intrinsically disordered bHLH family member TCF4 drives LLPS in a DNA-dependent mannerPreprint
Sozańska, N., Klepka, B. P., Niedźwiecka-Kornaś, A., Greb‐Markiewicz, B., Ożyhar, A., & Tarczewska, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660356
Functional and cellular analysis of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein
Ilmarinen, T. (2007) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Functional Role of Glycogen synthase Kinase-3β on Glucocorticoid-mediated signaling
Patiño, C. R. (2012) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Roles of the NFI/CTF gene family in transcription and development: update 2025
Gronostajski, R. M. (2025) · Academia Biology · doi:10.20935/acadbiol8079
Nikolić, S. N., Oasa, S., Krmpot, A. J., Terenius, L. Y., Belić, M. R., & Vukojević, V. B. (2026) · Dynamics and Fluctuations in Biomedical Photonics · doi:10.1117/12.3090147
QuantiTrack: A unified software to study protein dynamics in living cellsPreprint
Ball, D. A., Wagh, K., Stavreva, D. A., Hoang, L., Schiltz, R. L., Chari, R., Raziuddin, R., Mazza, D., Upadhyaya, A., Hager, G. L., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706877
Mitotic Bookmarking and Chromosomal Coating by Nuclear Receptors: Segregating Myth & Reality
Rizvi, S., & Tyagi, R. K. (2026) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.70155
Cellular factors controlling human L1 retrotransposition
Galantonu, R. N. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f24810a8z4f50z444fz84f0z11863b900b95
TET proteins, New Cofactors for Nuclear Receptors
Guan, W. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1409d73cz9cabz4b83z80d6z9bb8c8712a7d · Cited by 1
Real time imaging of transcription reveals new features of cellular and viral promoters
Kozulic-Pirher, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0099e36bz620ez43d7z9b47z2789ed360d73
Delangre, E. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/622d48edz59dcz427ez85c9z9da5f8129e84
Nisha, A., Ahsan, F., Rizvi, A., Goswami, B., Mahmood, T., Bano, S., & Hagras, S. A. A. (2026) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-026-03777-z
Mianesaz, H., Göczi, L., Bojcsuk, D., Ghalamkari, S., Fadel, L., Póliska, S., Penyige, A., Nagy, L., Nagy, G., Vámosi, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111486
Intrinsically disordered bHLH family member TCF4 drives phase separation in a DNA-dependent manner
Sozańska, N., Klepka, B. P., Niedzwiecka, A., Greb‐Markiewicz, B., Ożyhar, A., & Tarczewska, A. (2026) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2026.110829
A Transcription Factor-Centric View of Transcription Regulation
He, J., Chi, J., & Feng, S. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15100769
Genome-wide rotational and translational phasing of nucleosomes with human transcription factors
Chen, H., Krebs, J., Lang, O. W., Hu, J., Mellini, D. C., Hyle, J. W., Li, C., Lai, W., & Pugh, B. F. (2026) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2026.06.019
Epigenetic reprogramming of lineage switching in cancer
Boyvatlı, E., Akman, B., Bağırsakçı, E., Atabey, N., & Erkek, S. (2026) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70433
Lamin A-regulated chromatin organization regulates transcription factor binding
Huang, Y., & Anlaş, A. A. (2026) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2026.08.016
Balancing inflammation under stress: glucocorticoid regulation of innate immune pathways
Kenney, K. M., & Burgener, S. S. (2026) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20250146
Microscopy Techniques for Investigating Interactions in Microbial Systems
Edwards, A. N. (2011)
Mechanisms of Altered Glucocorticoid Sensitivity
Yang, N. (2013) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Quantitative Visualization of Sex Steroid Receptor Functions: AR and ERα
Bolt, M. J., Hartig, S. M., Szafran, A. T., Mediwala, S. N., Marcelli, M., & Mancini, M. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1764-4_14
Metadata
- Authors
- McNally, J. G., Müller, W. G., Walker, D., Wolford, R., & Hager, G. L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, Room B602, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892–5055, USA.
- Corresponding author
- McNally, James G.
- Hager, Gordon L.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2000-02-18
- Volume
- 287
- Issue
- 5456
- Pages
- 1262-1265
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2096594220
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 35.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Diffusion and Search Dynamics
- Keywords
- glucocorticoid receptor, chromatin, response elements, nucleoplasm, photobleaching, green fluorescent protein tagging, chromatin dynamics, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Nucleus, Chromatin, Dexamethasone, Ligands, Luminescent Proteins, Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Nucleosomes, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Confocal, Terminal Repeat Sequences, Response Elements, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review