Cited by 131CAR-T cell therapy researchImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Combining a CAR and a chimeric costimulatory receptor enhances T cell sensitivity to low antigen density and promotes persistence

Open access
Katsarou, Afroditi, Sjöstrand, Maria, Naik, Jyoti, Mansilla-Soto, Jorge, Kefala, Dionysia, Kladis, Georgios, Nianias, Alexandros, Ruiter, Ruud +16 more·2021·Science Translational Medicine

Abstract

Combination of a CAR and a chimeric costimulatory receptor augments cytotoxicity and durability of T cells and elimination of antigen-low tumors.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1962

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. [1]van der Stegen SJ, Hamieh M, Sadelain M, The pharmacology of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14, 499– 509 (2015). 26129802 PMC6410718
  2. [2]Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J, Rives S, Boyer M, Bittencourt H, Bader P, Verneris MR, Stefanski HE, Myers GD, Qayed M, De Moerloose B, Hiramatsu H, Schlis K, Davis KL, Martin PL, Nemecek ER, Yanik GA, Peters C, Baruchel A, Boissel N, Mechinaud F, Balduzzi A, Krueger J, June CH, Levine BL, Wood P, Taran T, Leung M, Mueller KT, Zhang Y, Sen K, Lebwohl D, Pulsipher MA, Grupp SA, Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N Engl J Med 378, 439– 448 (2018). 29385370 PMC5996391
  3. [4]Majzner RG, Mackall CL, Clinical lessons learned from the first leg of the CAR T cell journey. Nat Med 25, 1341– 1355 (2019). 31501612
  4. [5]Fry TJ, Shah NN, Orentas RJ, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yuan CM, Ramakrishna S, Wolters P, Martin S, Delbrook C, Yates B, Shalabi H, Fountaine TJ, Shern JF, Majzner RG, Stroncek DF, Sabatino M, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS, Zhang L, Nguyen S, Qin H, Dropulic B, Lee DW, Mackall CL, CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy. Nat Med 24, 20– 28 (2018). 29155426 PMC5774642
  5. [6]Walker AJ, Majzner RG, Zhang L, Wanhainen K, Long AH, Nguyen SM, Lopomo P, Vigny M, Fry TJ, Orentas RJ, Mackall CL, Tumor Antigen and Receptor Densities Regulate Efficacy of a Chimeric Antigen Receptor Targeting Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. Mol Ther 25, 2189– 2201 (2017). 28676342 PMC5589087
  6. [7]Ramakrishna S, Highfill SL, Walsh Z, Nguyen SM, Lei H, Shern JF, Qin H, Kraft IL, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yuan CM, Hwang JD, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Dimitrov D, Shah NN, Fry TJ, Modulation of Target Antigen Density Improves CAR T-cell Functionality and Persistence. Clin Cancer Res 25, 5329– 5341 (2019). 31110075 PMC8290499
  7. [8]Majzner RG, Rietberg SP, Sotillo E, Dong R, Vachharajani VT, Labanieh L, Myklebust JH, Kadapakkam M, Weber EW, Tousley AM, Richards RM, Heitzeneder S, Nguyen SM, Wiebking V, Theruvath J, Lynn RC, Xu P, Dunn AR, Vale RD, Mackall CL, Tuning the Antigen Density Requirement for CAR T-cell Activity. Cancer Discov 10, 702– 723 (2020). 32193224 PMC7939454
  8. [9]Watanabe K, Terakura S, Martens AC, van Meerten T, Uchiyama S, Imai M, Sakemura R, Goto T, Hanajiri R, Imahashi N, Shimada K, Tomita A, Kiyoi H, Nishida T, Naoe T, Murata M, Target antigen density governs the efficacy of anti-CD20-CD28-CD3 zeta chimeric antigen receptor-modified effector CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 194, 911– 920 (2015). 25520398
  9. [10]de Larrea CF, Staehr M, Lopez AV, Ng KY, Chen Y, Godfrey WD, Purdon TJ, Ponomarev V, Wendel HG, Brentjens RJ, Smith EL, Defining an Optimal Dual-Targeted CAR T-cell Therapy Approach Simultaneously Targeting BCMA and GPRC5D to Prevent BCMA Escape-Driven Relapse in Multiple Myeloma. Blood Cancer Discov 1, 146– 154 (2020). 33089218 PMC7575057
  10. [11]Hegde M, Corder A, Chow KK, Mukherjee M, Ashoori A, Kew Y, Zhang YJ, Baskin DS, Merchant FA, Brawley VS, Byrd TT, Krebs S, Wu MF, Liu H, Heslop HE, Gottschalk S, Yvon E, Ahmed N, Combinational targeting offsets antigen escape and enhances effector functions of adoptively transferred T cells in glioblastoma. Mol Ther 21, 2087– 2101 (2013). 23939024 PMC3831041
  11. [12]Qin H, Cho M, Haso W, Zhang L, Tasian SK, Oo HZ, Negri GL, Lin Y, Zou J, Mallon BS, Maude S, Teachey DT, Barrett DM, Orentas RJ, Daugaard M, Sorensen PH, Grupp SA, Fry TJ, Eradication of B-ALL using chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells targeting the TSLPR oncoprotein. Blood 126, 629– 639 (2015). 26041741 PMC4520878
  12. [13]Ruella M, Barrett DM, Kenderian SS, Shestova O, Hofmann TJ, Perazzelli J, Klichinsky M, Aikawa V, Nazimuddin F, Kozlowski M, Scholler J, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Morrissette JJ, Christian DA, Hunter CA, Kalos M, Porter DL, June CH, Grupp SA, Gill S, Dual CD19 and CD123 targeting prevents antigen-loss relapses after CD19-directed immunotherapies. J Clin Invest 126, 3814– 3826 (2016). 27571406 PMC5096828
  13. [14]Schneider D, Xiong Y, Wu D, Nlle V, Schmitz S, Haso W, Kaiser A, Dropulic B, Orentas RJ, A tandem CD19/CD20 CAR lentiviral vector drives on-target and off-target antigen modulation in leukemia cell lines. J Immunother Cancer 5, 42 (2017). 28515942 PMC5433150
  14. [15]Fraietta JA, Lacey SF, Orlando EJ, Pruteanu-Malinici I, Gohil M, Lundh S, Boesteanu AC, Wang Y, O’Connor RS, Hwang WT, Pequignot E, Ambrose DE, Zhang C, Wilcox N, Bedoya F, Dorfmeier C, Chen F, Tian L, Parakandi H, Gupta M, Young RM, Johnson FB, Kulikovskaya I, Liu L, Xu J, Kassim SH, Davis MM, Levine BL, Frey NV, Siegel DL, Huang AC, Wherry EJ, Bitter H, Brogdon JL, Porter DL, June CH, Melenhorst JJ, Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med 24, 563– 571 (2018). 29713085 PMC6117613
  15. [16]Long AH, Haso WM, Shern JF, Wanhainen KM, Murgai M, Ingaramo M, Smith JP, Walker AJ, Kohler ME, Venkateshwara VR, Kaplan RN, Patterson GH, Fry TJ, Orentas RJ, Mackall CL, 4-1BB costimulation ameliorates T cell exhaustion induced by tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptors. Nat Med 21, 581– 590 (2015). 25939063 PMC4458184
  16. [17]Guedan S, Calderon H, Posey AD Jr., Maus MV, Engineering and Design of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 12, 145– 156 (2019). 30666307 PMC6330382
  17. [18]Hamieh M, Dobrin A, Cabriolu A, van der Stegen SJC, Giavridis T, Mansilla-Soto J, Eyquem J, Zhao Z, Whitlock BM, Miele MM, Li Z, Cunanan KM, Huse M, Hendrickson RC, Wang X, Riviere I, Sadelain M, CAR T cell trogocytosis and cooperative killing regulate tumour antigen escape. Nature 568, 112– 116 (2019). 30918399 PMC6707377
  18. [19]Kawalekar OU, RS OC, Fraietta JA, Guo L, McGettigan SE, Posey AD Jr., Patel PR, Guedan S, Scholler J, Keith B, Snyder NW, Blair IA, Milone MC, June CH, Distinct Signaling of Coreceptors Regulates Specific Metabolism Pathways and Impacts Memory Development in CAR T Cells. Immunity 44, 712 (2016). 28843072
  19. [20]Zhao Z, Condomines M, van der Stegen SJC, Perna F, Kloss CC, Gunset G, Plotkin J, Sadelain M, Structural Design of Engineered Costimulation Determines Tumor Rejection Kinetics and Persistence of CAR T Cells. Cancer Cell 28, 415– 428 (2015). 26461090 PMC5003056
  20. [21]Feucht J, Sadelain M, Function and evolution of the prototypic CD28ζ and 4-1BBζ chimeric antigen receptors. Immuno-Oncology Technology, (2020). PMC9216534 35757562
  21. [22]Melero I, Bach N, Hellstrom KE, Aruffo A, Mittler RS, Chen L, Amplification of tumor immunity by gene transfer of the co-stimulatory 4-1BB ligand: synergy with the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway. Eur J Immunol 28, 1116– 1121 (1998). 9541607
  22. [23]Rudolf D, Silberzahn T, Walter S, Maurer D, Engelhard J, Wernet D, Buhring HJ, Jung G, Kwon BS, Rammensee HG, Stevanovic S, Potent costimulation of human CD8 T cells by anti-4-1BB and anti-CD28 on synthetic artificial antigen presenting cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57, 175– 183 (2008). 17657490 PMC11030657
  23. [24]Drent E, Poels R, Ruiter R, van de Donk N, Zweegman S, Yuan H, de Bruijn J, Sadelain M, Lokhorst HM, Groen RWJ, Mutis T, Themeli M, Combined CD28 and 4-1BB Costimulation Potentiates Affinity-tuned Chimeric Antigen Receptor-engineered T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 25, 4014– 4025 (2019). 30979735 PMC7477921
  24. [25]Zhong XS, Matsushita M, Plotkin J, Riviere I, Sadelain M, Chimeric antigen receptors combining 4-1BB and CD28 signaling domains augment PI3kinase/AKT/Bcl-XL activation and CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor eradication. Mol Ther 18, 413– 420 (2010). 19773745 PMC2839303
  25. [26]Krause A, Guo HF, Latouche JB, Tan C, Cheung NK, Sadelain M, Antigen-dependent CD28 signaling selectively enhances survival and proliferation in genetically modified activated human primary T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 188, 619– 626 (1998). 9705944 PMC2213361
  26. [27]Naik J, Themeli M, de Jong-Korlaar R, Ruiter RWJ, Poddighe PJ, Yuan H, de Bruijn JD, Ossenkoppele GJ, Zweegman S, Smit L, Mutis T, Martens ACM, van de Donk N, Groen RWJ, CD38 as a therapeutic target for adult acute myeloid leukemia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 104, e100– e103 (2019). 30190344 PMC6395314
  27. [28]Krejcik J, Casneuf T, Nijhof IS, Verbist B, Bald J, Plesner T, Syed K, Liu K, van de Donk NW, Weiss BM, Ahmadi T, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, Sasser AK, Daratumumab depletes CD38+ immune regulatory cells, promotes T-cell expansion, and skews T-cell repertoire in multiple myeloma. Blood 128, 384– 394 (2016). 27222480 PMC4957162
  28. [29]Drent E, Themeli M, Poels R, de Jong-Korlaar R, Yuan H, de Bruijn J, Martens ACM, Zweegman S, van de Donk N, Groen RWJ, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, A Rational Strategy for Reducing On-Target Off-Tumor Effects of CD38-Chimeric Antigen Receptors by Affinity Optimization. Mol Ther 25, 1946– 1958 (2017). 28506593 PMC5542711
  29. [30]Frerichs KA, Broekmans MEC, Marin Soto JA, van Kessel B, Heymans MW, Holthof LC, Verkleij CPM, Boominathan R, Vaidya B, Sendecki J, Axel A, Gaudet F, Pillarisetti K, Zweegman S, Adams HC 3rd, Mutis T, van de Donk N, Preclinical Activity of JNJ-7957, a Novel BCMAxCD3 Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma, Is Potentiated by Daratumumab. Clin Cancer Res 26, 2203– 2215 (2020). 31969333
  30. [31]Groen RWJ, Noort WA, Raymakers RA, Prins H-J, Aalders L, Hofhuis FM, Moerer P, van Velzen JF, Bloem AC, van Kessel B, Rozemuller H, van Binsbergen E, Buijs A, Yuan H, de Bruijn JD, de Weers M, Parren PWHI, Schuringa JJ, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, Martens ACM, Reconstructing the human hematopoietic niche in immunodeficient mice: opportunities for studying primary multiple myeloma. Blood 120, e9– e16 (2012). 22653974
  31. [32]Rafiq S, Hackett CS, Brentjens RJ, Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 17, 147– 167 (2020). 31848460 PMC7223338
  32. [33]Brudno JN, Maric I, Hartman SD, Rose JJ, Wang M, Lam N, Stetler-Stevenson M, Salem D, Yuan C, Pavletic S, Kanakry JA, Ali SA, Mikkilineni L, Feldman SA, Stroncek DF, Hansen BG, Lawrence J, Patel R, Hakim F, Gress RE, Kochenderfer JN, T Cells Genetically Modified to Express an Anti-B-Cell Maturation Antigen Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cause Remissions of Poor-Prognosis Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol 36, 2267– 2280 (2018). 29812997 PMC6067798
  33. [34]Cohen AD, Garfall AL, Stadtmauer EA, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, Lancaster E, Vogl DT, Weiss BM, Dengel K, Nelson A, Plesa G, Chen F, Davis MM, Hwang WT, Young RM, Brogdon JL, Isaacs R, Pruteanu-Malinici I, Siegel DL, Levine BL, June CH, Milone MC, B cell maturation antigen-specific CAR T cells are clinically active in multiple myeloma. J Clin Invest 129, 2210– 2221 (2019). 30896447 PMC6546468
  34. [35]Green DJ, O’Steen S, Lin Y, Comstock ML, Kenoyer AL, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Fisher DR, Nartea M, Hylarides MD, Gopal AK, Gooley TA, Orozco JJ, Till BG, Orcutt KD, Wittrup KD, Press OW, CD38-bispecific antibody pretargeted radioimmunotherapy for multiple myeloma and other B-cell malignancies. Blood 131, 611– 620 (2018). 29158362 PMC5805491
  35. [36]Kloss CC, Condomines M, Cartellieri M, Bachmann M, Sadelain M, Combinatorial antigen recognition with balanced signaling promotes selective tumor eradication by engineered T cells. Nat Biotechnol 31, 71– 75 (2013). 23242161 PMC5505184
  36. [37]Wilkie S, van Schalkwyk MC, Hobbs S, Davies DM, van der Stegen SJ, Pereira AC, Burbridge SE, Box C, Eccles SA, Maher J, Dual targeting of ErbB2 and MUC1 in breast cancer using chimeric antigen receptors engineered to provide complementary signaling. J Clin Immunol 32, 1059– 1070 (2012). 22526592
  37. [38]Muller YD, Nguyen DP, Ferreira LMR, Ho P, Raffin C, Valencia RVB, Congrave-Wilson Z, Roth TL, Eyquem J, Van Gool F, Marson A, Perez L, Wells JA, Bluestone JA, Tang Q, The CD28-Transmembrane Domain Mediates Chimeric Antigen Receptor Heterodimerization With CD28. Front Immunol 12, 639818 (2021). 33833759 PMC8021955
  38. [39]Sommermeyer D, Hudecek M, Kosasih PL, Gogishvili T, Maloney DG, Turtle CJ, Riddell SR, Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells derived from defined CD8+ and CD4+ subsets confer superior antitumor reactivity in vivo. Leukemia 30, 492– 500 (2016). 26369987 PMC4746098
  39. [40]Turtle CJ, Hanafi LA, Berger C, Gooley TA, Cherian S, Hudecek M, Sommermeyer D, Melville K, Pender B, Budiarto TM, Robinson E, Steevens NN, Chaney C, Soma L, Chen X, Yeung C, Wood B, Li D, Cao J, Heimfeld S, Jensen MC, Riddell SR, Maloney DG, CD19 CAR-T cells of defined CD4+:CD8+ composition in adult B cell ALL patients. J Clin Invest 126, 2123– 2138 (2016). 27111235 PMC4887159
  40. [41]Nerreter T, Letschert S, Gotz R, Doose S, Danhof S, Einsele H, Sauer M, Hudecek M, Super-resolution microscopy reveals ultra-low CD19 expression on myeloma cells that triggers elimination by CD19 CAR-T. Nat Commun 10, 3137 (2019). 31316055 PMC6637169
  41. [42]Nijhof IS, Casneuf T, van Velzen J, van Kessel B, Axel AE, Syed K, Groen RW, van Duin M, Sonneveld P, Minnema MC, Zweegman S, Chiu C, Bloem AC, Mutis T, Lokhorst HM, Sasser AK, van de Donk NW, CD38 expression and complement inhibitors affect response and resistance to daratumumab therapy in myeloma. Blood 128, 959– 970 (2016). 27307294
  42. [43]Krejcik J, Frerichs KA, Nijhof IS, van Kessel B, van Velzen JF, Bloem AC, Broekmans MEC, Zweegman S, van Meerloo J, Musters RJP, Poddighe PJ, Groen RWJ, Chiu C, Plesner T, Lokhorst HM, Sasser AK, Mutis T, van de Donk N, Monocytes and Granulocytes Reduce CD38 Expression Levels on Myeloma Cells in Patients Treated with Daratumumab. Clin Cancer Res 23, 7498– 7511 (2017). 29025767 PMC5732844
  43. [44]Garfall AL, Stadtmauer EA, Hwang WT, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Krevvata M, Carroll MP, Matsui WH, Wang Q, Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar K, Das R, Vogl DT, Weiss BM, Cohen AD, Mangan PA, Ayers EC, Nunez-Cruz S, Kulikovskaya I, Davis MM, Lamontagne A, Dengel K, Kerr ND, Young RM, Siegel DL, Levine BL, Milone MC, Maus MV, June CH, Anti-CD19 CAR T cells with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory multiple myeloma. JCI Insight 4, (2019). PMC6478404 30830874
  44. [45]Rivière I, Brose K, Mulligan RC, Effects of retroviral vector design on expression of human adenosine deaminase in murine bone marrow transplant recipients engrafted with genetically modified cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, 6733 (1995). PMC41403 7624312
  45. [46]Drent E, Groen RWJ, Noort WA, Themeli M, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Parren PWHI, Kuball J, Sebestyen Z, Yuan H, de Bruijn J, van de Donk NWCJ, Martens ACM, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, Pre-clinical evaluation of CD38 chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Haematologica 101, 616 (2016). 26858358 PMC5004365
  46. [47]Kamsma D, Bochet P, Oswald F, Alblas N, Goyard S, Wuite GJL, Peterman EJG, Rose T, Single-Cell Acoustic Force Spectroscopy: Resolving Kinetics and Strength of T Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin. Cell Rep 24, 3008– 3016 (2018). 30208324
  47. [48]Sitters G, Kamsma D, Thalhammer G, Ritsch-Marte M, Peterman EJ, Wuite GJ, Acoustic force spectroscopy. Nat Methods 12, 47– 50 (2015). 25419961

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Katsarou, A., Sjöstrand, M., Naik, J., Mansilla-Soto, J., Kefala, D., Kladis, G., Nianias, A., Ruiter, R., Poels, R., Sarkar, I., Patankar, Y. R., Merino, E., Reijmers, R. M., Frerichs, K. A., Yuan, H., de Bruijn, J., Stroopinsky, D., Avigan, D., van de Donk, N. W. C. J., Zweegman, S., Mutis, T., Sadelain, M., Groen, R. W. J., & Themeli, M.
Affiliations
  • Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
  • Center for Cell Engineering, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
  • LUMICKS, Pilotenstraat 41, 1059 CH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Kuros Biosciences BV, 3723 MB Bilthoven, Netherlands.
  • Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
  • Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Corresponding author
Themeli, Maria
Venue
Science Translational Medicine
Published
2021-12-08
Volume
13
Issue
623
Pages
eabh1962-eabh1962
ISSN
  • 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
  • 1946-6242
OpenAlex
W4200112152
Cited by
131
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 11
FWCI
6.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R01CA196664, P30CA008748)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
chimeric antigen receptor T cells, CD38, BCMA, CD19, multiple myeloma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T cell persistence, dual targeting, 4-1BB, CD28, costimulation, tumor recurrence, cytokine production
MeSH terms
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen, Humans, Multiple Myeloma, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, T-Lymphocytes, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Antigens, CD19

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review