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Delaying the Empiric Treatment of Candida Bloodstream Infection until Positive Blood Culture Results Are Obtained: a Potential Risk Factor for Hospital Mortality
Open accessAbstract
Fungal bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient mortality and health care costs. Nevertheless, the relationship between a delay of the initial empiric antifungal treatment until blood culture results are known and the clinical outcome is not well established. A retrospective cohort analysis with automated patient medical records and the pharmacy database at Barnes-Jewish Hospital was conducted. One hundred fifty-seven patients with a Candida bloodstream infection were identified over a 4-year period (January 2001 through December 2004). Fifty (31.8%) patients died during hospitalization. One hundred thirty-four patients had empiric antifungal treatment begun after the results of fungal cultures were known. From the time that the first blood sample for culture that was positive was drawn, 9 (5.7%) patients received antifungal treatment within 12 h, 10 (6.4%) patients received antifungal treatment between 12 and 24 h, 86 (54.8%) patients received antifungal treatment between 24 and 48 h, and 52 (33.1%) patients received antifungal treatment after 48 h. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (one-point increments) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.31; P < 0.001), prior antibiotic treatment (AOR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.14 to 7.65; P = 0.028), and administration of antifungal treatment 12 h after having the first positive blood sample for culture (AOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.84; P = 0.018) as independent determinants of hospital mortality. Administration of empiric antifungal treatment 12 h after a positive blood sample for culture is drawn is common among patients with Candida bloodstream infections and is associated with greater hospital mortality. Delayed treatment of Candida bloodstream infections could be minimized by the development of more rapid diagnostic techniques for the identification of Candida bloodstream infections. Alternatively, increased use of empiric antifungal treatment in selected patients at high risk for fungal bloodstream infection could also reduce delays in treatment.
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“Finally, in a study of 10,811 patients treated in four Utah hospitals, each hour delay in time from ED arrival to administration of antimicrobials was associated with 1.16 increased odds of in-hospital and 1.10 increased odds of 1-year mortality (1.13 in patients with hypotension vs 1.09 in patients without hypotension) (111).”
From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [111]
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“Observational studies do, however, suggest that mortality may increase after intervals exceeding 3-5 hours from hospital arrival and/or sepsis recognition (98,111,119,120).”
From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [111]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As mentioned previously, diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and candidemia remains a great challenge, since symptoms and signs are usually non-specific, microbiological cultures are difficult to analyze, and histological specimens require invasive procedures [29,30,46].”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [30]
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In the citing paper
“Attributable mortality from IC remains high and increases with delays in treatment.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [136]
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In the citing paper
“Blood cultures take an average of 2–3 days to grow Candida, or longer depending on the species.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [136]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the citing paper
“Some observational studies suggested that prompt initiation of appropriate empiric antifungal therapy may be associated with a reduction in mortality, however these studies do not prove a causal relationship between antifungal therapy and outcome, nor do they clarify the role of timing of treatment, and some other studies have failed to show this association [167, 171–173].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“Another single-center retrospective cohort of 157 consecutive patients with a Candida BSI showed a trend toward improved survival when appropriate antifungal therapy was administered within 12 hours of blood culture collection (mortality 11.1% vs 33.1%; P 5 .169).45”
From Fungal Sepsis: Optimizing Antifungal Therapy in the Critical Care Setting (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“In multivariate analysis the odds of death was 2-fold higher if adequate therapy was delayed more than 12 hours (P 5 .018).”
From Fungal Sepsis: Optimizing Antifungal Therapy in the Critical Care Setting (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Invasive candidiasis occurs frequently in hospitalized patients, and is associated with high mortality rates due to delays in recognition and initiation of appropriate antifungals.”
From Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“There is extensive clinical evidence that delayed initiation of appropriate antifungal treatment is associated with increased mortality in patients with invasive candidiasis [70,71,72].”
From Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Mortality rates are estimated to be as high as 45% [16], probably due to inefficient diagnostic methods and inappropriate initial antifungal therapies [17].”
From Candida Infections, Causes, Targets, and Resistance Mechanisms: Traditional and Alternative Antifungal Agents (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee for Antifungal Testing has developed standardized broth microdilution (BMD) (169) and disk diffusion (170) methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of Candida spp.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [170]
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Citations
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Cited by
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Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Rhodes, A., Annane, D., Gerlach, H., Opal, S. M., Sevransky, J. E., Sprung, C. L., Douglas, I. S., Jaeschke, R., et al. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827e83af · Cited by 9,694
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Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem
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Metadata
- Authors
- Morrell, M., Fraser, V. J., & Kollef, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division
- Corresponding author
- Kollef, Marin H.
- Venue
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3640-3645
- ISSN
- 0066-4804 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6596
- PMC
- PMC1195428
- OpenAlex
- W2137575148
- Cited by
- 1,286
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 27.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- candidemia, fungemia, empirical antifungal therapy, treatment delay, blood culture, in-hospital mortality, APACHE II score, prior antibiotic use, rapid diagnostic tests
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Candidiasis, Cross Infection, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Logistic Models, Fungemia, Treatment Outcome
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