The DOI matches its OpenAlex record.
Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms
Open accessAbstract
Large numbers of bacteria and viruses when seeded into household toilets were shown to remain in the bowl after flushing, and even continual flushing could not remove a persistent fraction. This was found to be due to the adsorption of the organsims to the porcelain surfaces of the bowl, with gradual elution occuring after each flush. Droplets produced by flushing toilets were found to harbor both bacteria and viruses which had been seeded. The detection of bacteria and firuses falling out onto surfaces in bathrooms after flushing indicated that they remain airborne long enough to settle on surfaces throughout the bathroom. Thus, there is a possibility that a person may acquire an infection from an aerosol produced by a toilet.
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Citations
Cited by
The fluid dynamics of disease transmission
Bourouiba, L. (2021) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712 · Cited by 366
Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis
Barker, J., & Bloomfield, S. F. (2000) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01091.x · Cited by 151
Hygiene in the home: relating bugs and behaviour
Curtis, V., Biran, A., Deverell, K., Hughes, C., Bellamy, K., & Drasar, B. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00409-4 · Cited by 106
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerba, C. P., Wallis, C., & Melnick, J. L.
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1975-01-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-237
- ISSN
- 0003-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1543586086
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1128/aem.30.2.229-237.1975
- The paper
- Gerba, C. P., Wallis, C., & Melnick, J. L. (1975). Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms. Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.30.2.229-237.1975
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
